Friday, December 27, 2019

Designing A Workplace Environment Within The Workplace

This training module will be implemented to create a workplace environment that is designed to meet the learning needs of all departmental employees, by teaching them the acceptable ways of approaching the learning process in the workplace environment. This training module will be a two hour training and it will cover multiple intelligences, Reinforcement (feedback), Holism, Scaffolding, and lastly Metacognition. We will also include information on, why it is important to grasp ideas and concepts that could inevitably lead to a better, clearer understanding of why it’s important to nurture the learning process in the workplace. Content on Training Multiple intelligences are really important and are key to understanding the learning†¦show more content†¦Behaviorism should be taught to employees because much can be understood by watching the actions of others. Observing others can show how dedicated employees are or either how disoriented they are. Behaviorists believe that it is unnecessary to look at the mind to learn about the behavior of an individual (Lieberman, 2012). It is important to understand that behaviorism plays an important role in understanding how we learn. Because we don’t always know what a person is thinking, it is important to ask questions in the learning process. When discussing learning, a topic that might come up is reinforcement (feedback) which according to â€Å"Lieberman (2012) is an increase in the probability of a response caused by the presentation of a reinforcer following that response†. In the workplace it is necessary to commend those that are standin g out above the rest. This is an example of behaviorism, or learning by observation. When an action reinforces positive behavior, it is good for all the employees to see because it increases the likelihood of the action being repeated. Holism is an important aspect of learning as it pertains to looking at things for what they are as a

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Technology s Impact On Society - 1507 Words

alia Monsanto ENC1101-Swirsky Argumentative/Persuasive Essay Technology’s Impact on Society 21ST century technology has indubitably made life more convenient for us. This can be looked at in a positive or in a negative way. Technology has essentially taken over the world. Replacing almost everything in our homes, schools and communities. Modern Technology has brought tons of negative effects on society including depression, lack of social skills, obesity, poor sleep habits, stress, constant distractions, addiction, lack of empathy, violence, indolence and the list goes on. Almost everywhere has advanced computerized systems and although it may be helpful to us, it is causing heavy impacts on our lives. We now live in a society where people keep their eyes glued to their phones and could not imagine being without one. Where people do not even have to get up to go shopping or to read a newspaper. Where people do not even know how to read a map or use a compass. Using our smartphones, we now have the power to download an app for almost anything/everything we need. We have become dependent on technology. People do not even remember each other’s phone numbers anymore. We now rely heavily on technology to do/remember things for us. Imagine if all of a sudden a huge EMP attack struck the world and we were out of electromagnetic energy. It would fundamentally change the world. Planes would fall out of the sky, cars will be inoperable, water, sewer and electric would be gone and noShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Technology On Society s Society1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact Of Technology On Society Technology has always played an important part of our history, whether it impacts the medical field, astrological instruments, microscopic technology, and these innovations have all played an important role in changing the scientific views of society. These inventions were very important in the direction society took as a whole and should be recognized as such. However there were inventions that had more of an impact on the general society as others, and changedRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Society s Society1572 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Technology on Society It goes without saying that Thomas Edison has been among the most impactful human beings to have ever walked the earth. Thomas Edison is responsible for pushing society into a new technological era thanks to his numerous inventions. I will briefly explain the life of Thomas Edison, the use and how he came upon all of his inventions and finally how it lead to the technological advancements that we see to this very day. This will lead to a better understanding of whoRead MoreTechnology s Impact On Society957 Words   |  4 Pages Technology’s Impact on Society in the Banking World Technology s impact on society has changed in many areas of our lives. Technology has changed travel, you can now book your own plane ticket without going to a traveler’s agency, schooling you can take classes online, and have access to doctors and medicine without having to leave your home. I chose to write about the topic of banking. With the help of technology banks are able to reach out to more customers and provide better services toRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Society s Society2131 Words   |  9 Pages The Impact of Technology on Society Close to ninety percent of Americans currently own a computerized gadget such as a computer, cell phone, Mp3 player, tablet computer, game console, e-book reader, etc. (Gahran). These are gadgets that some people use in their everyday lives whether they’re at home lounging around playing on their cell phone, watching television, at school, or at work having to use the computer to get their job done. Technology is everywhere, even when you don’t notice itRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Society s Society Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Technology on Society Large sections of society have the ability to travel whenever and to wherever they please, whether be it for pleasure or work. Communication with friends and family across the globe happens instantaneously with a simple click of a button. The movement of resources and products occurs around the world daily and items that were at one time based in a location across the globe can be delivered and on hand the next day. Global transportation, communication and trade createRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Society s Society1457 Words   |  6 PagesLynna Hong Donna Middleton English 101 24 April 2017 Look Up Growing up in today’s society is much different than it was twenty years ago, because today our society revolves one thing--technology. Technology is advancing each and everyday that people are becoming so attached to their electronic devices to the point where many feel they cannot live without it. With the advancement of technology, it has led to various problems such as lower communication skills, social isolation, bad habits, andRead MoreTechnology And Society s Impact On Society1568 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and Society Introduction There are those who would claim that technology has not adversely influenced society in any overt way, and in fact that â€Å"technology has made society more durable,† yet in spite of this claim, it becomes clear that the technology/society divide and its subsequent associations have caused a vast number of problems within society today, not the least of which is the blurring of the line between the use of technology and basic societal interactions, resulting in aRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Society s Society2013 Words   |  9 PagesImpact of Technology in Today’s Society Have you ever wonder your life with the use of the technology which can restore entire world information? The Book Feed by M. T. Anderson take us to the world where people are mostly reliable on device which manipulate them with every single decision that want to make it. The Author Bring up point with question that in Society should we concern about used Technology or just take as much advantage we can and make ourselves Foolish? I agree with the AuthorRead MoreTechnology Impact Today s Society1099 Words   |  5 PagesTechnologies impact in today’s society is constantly changing, but not always for the better. â€Å"One of five children under the age of sixteen now own a smartphone. (â€Å"The Gadget Website†) The average age of a child that receives their first cell phone is eleven. I worry about a child’s well-being when I see them with these devices. On my tenth, birthday my father bought me a cell phone. I was unaware of the potential consequences I late r faced when I misused it. Parents are giving children phones withoutRead MoreThe Developmental Impact Of Technology On Today s Society937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Developmental Impact of Technology on Today’s Society Society has become slaves to technology. Our society depends so greatly on technology that we have lost the ability of face to face communication. Nowadays all you see are people with their face stuck in their phones or latest gadgets and being oblivious to the world. The obsession and need to use technology affects every developmental stage. The affect starts at the young age of infancy and continues into childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

The Fears That Chained Me free essay sample

Her face reddens and it becomes apparent that she is slipping out of control. She clenches her fists, nails gnawing at her skin. A wave of rage surges through her body, causing even her lips to quiver in anger. She gasps for breath, trying to calm herself down, but it is too late. Her screams fill my ears as she unleashes her fury. Now, there is only one thing on my mind: escape. But I sit, tolerating her anger, her frustration, her worry. Though I know she doesn’t mean what she says, her words threaten to crush me. I try to fight back, arguing and reasoning with her, but it is no use. Suddenly, a sense of claustrophobia washes over me, as I am fooled into thinking the walls around me are shrinking. I am almost at my breaking point; seeing the safety of the outdoors, I throw open the front door of my house, run to a nearby park bench and once reaching this sanctuary, I collapse. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fears That Chained Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As my tears drench my face, I remind myself: This is not a nightmare. This is not a horror story. This is my life. During my childhood, my mom was diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and depression, a lethal combination. Her illness caused her to be in a constant state of worry, often out of proportion to the actual situation at hand. She continuously focused on the negative and as a result, always expected a disaster to occur. Her frequent â€Å"episodes† made it difficult to maintain a steady relationship with her. Since I couldn’t confide in her, I turned inward. As a result of so many incidents involving distress, anger, and tears, I created a facade in an attempt to feel no more pain, no more worry, no more sorrow. I vowed to avoid getting hurt by any means possible. Controlled by my fears, I resisted change and refused to take risks. I became a wallflower, never voicing my opinion, never venturing out to meet new people, merely trying to please others, and evading disappointment and failure in the process. It wasn’t until I was sixteen that I realized how unsa tisfied I was with the life I was leading. Instead of taking advantage of the opportunities life threw at me, I was walking on eggshells, feeding a need I had unnecessarily created for myself. I realized what was holding me back was the voice inside of my head of my mom. And if it wasn’t my mom, it was my teachers, my friends, or my coaches. I was trying to please all these voices inside my head, instead of pleasing myself. I had been so afraid of disappointing them that I always chose the safest route. However, by doing that, I was missing out on the experiences of life. I had been chained to these fears, a slave to them, and forfeiting my freedom. For when you are free to make mistakes, you are free to do anything. With this new insight into myself, the walls that had once restrained me began to crumble and I eventually began to take on some once-feared challenges. With much anxiety and apprehension, I tried out for a higher-level dance team, I participated more in school, and I even began to speak up to my friends and family. As I put my insecurities aside, I began to realize all that I was capable of being. Although I will continue to conquer many, my fears will never diminish completely. Serving as my shadow, they continue to follow me, but I will not let them define who I am. I would not be who I am today without the struggle of living with my mom’s anxiety. It has given me the patience to deal with stressful situations, the ability to be understanding and sympathetic for other people’s struggles, the strength to handle challenges thrown at me, and the appreciation for every moment of happiness that life brings. As I leave for college this fall to embark on a new chapter of my life and face new challenges, I will keep these memories with me; this time, however, possessing a new weapon: courage.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Justice Game Essay Example

The Justice Game Essay To what extent has textual form shaped your understanding of conflicting perspectives? In your response, make detailed reference to your prescribed text and at least ONE other related text of your own choosing. Representations of divergent viewpoints using different textual forms leads to a greater understanding of conflicting perspectives and the multi-layered nature of complicated issues. By comparing conflicting perspectives, we come to understand the complexity of a certain issue and also that despite the textual form, a texts purpose is to promote the composers perspective. This has been achieved through my study of Geoffrey Robertsons 1998 memoir The Justice Game, which discourages involving emotion in the Justice system and suggests that the current system is effective, the conflicting 2013 7. 30 Report episode Jill Mashers husband calls her killers sentence a disgrace which uses emotion to communicate the flaws in the justice system. , and the Michael Lending 2013 cartoon Julian Ganges from The Age, which supports Robertsons view that the courtroom must be impartial and not biased by personal emotion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Justice Game specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Justice Game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Justice Game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the chapter Afterward in The Justice Game, Robertson enforces the importance of excluding emotion and personal opinion from the courtroom. Robertsons perspective of the Justice system is that Justice is not a result conforming to popular expectation, but is rather an objective Judgment. The audience is positioned to accept his opinion because of the use of non-fiction memoir as the textual form. Non- fiction is perceived as fact or truth, hence the audience is positioned to view his opinion as truth. The medium of production adds to his credibility because rotationally, print is also perceived as a reliable source as it has been repeatedly edited and scrutinized, again giving credibility to Robertsons view that the Justice system should be objective. In Diana on the Dock, the inclusion of l was the author of a textbook apprises to the audience that he is intelligent and qualified because a textbook is seen as being written by an expert in their field. In contrast to Robertson favoring objectivity in the Justice system, the 7. 30 Report presents a highly emotional perspective on the system. The interview is with Tom Meager, husband of rape and murder victim Jill Meager, to discuss the sentencing of Sills attacker, Adrian Bailey, and his opinion of the Justice system. The focus is on the emotional effects of Sills murder on Tom, in stark contrast to Robertsons view that emotion should be excluded from the Justice system. The presenters introduction Baileys crimes have had profound and terrible effects on many, many lives uses highly emotive language and repetition of many to emphasis the devastating emotional consequences of murder, thus the audience takes an opinion of the case eased on emotion. When asked about what sort of person Jill was, a close up of Toms answer, such as you would have met Sorry, sorry and um, she was the Um, she just brightened up any room further highlight his pain. Photographs of Jill smiling fade in and out of the screen, such as her with family and at a fancy dress party, and the Juxtaposition of the happy, fun photographs with Tom Mashers current suffering position the audience to feel disgust towards Bailey as we witness the harsh effects of his crimes. Therefore, the BBC goes against Robertsons view and rings emotion into the issue of what the punishment should be for a rapist and murderer. Despite the difference in textual form, BBC uses textual form to position the audience to accept the emotional perspective by including this interview in their prime-time slot, suggesting that it is highly important because it is during one of the most viewed times. The presenter also gives credibility to the reporter by including Our reporter, Louise Mulligan, covered the murder and the trial, suggesting that Mulligan is knowledgeable and a reliable source as she knows this case. The different actual forms used by Robertson and the 7. 0 Report give rise to extremely different representations on whether emotion should be involved in the Justice system, revealing the complex nature of the issue. In contrast to the view presented by the 7. 30 Report, Leanings cartoon from The Age, Julian Ganges, supports Robertsons view by suggesting that when the Justice system tries to protect one party, it fails. The cartoon reflects Leanings view that the government is doing harm to the Justice sys tem by trying to protect themselves against Julian Ganges, who exposed their war crimes. The irony of the two pictures of Julian Ganges being identical, despite one saying Wanted and the other Needed, suggests that the Justice system is incorrect in punishing Ganges, as his exposure of criminal activity maintains fairness in the Justice system. Lending creates a somber tone when describing the government deceive the world about their dark crusade through the gloomy imagery dark crusade and the word choice of deceive, something sneaky and unfair, thus positioning the audience to take Gangues side and be against the governments abuse of power, enabled by the justice system. The cartoon, the chapters of The Justice Game and the Tom Meager interview all focus on completely different issues, yet present overall conclusions that either support each other of conflict on whether the Justice system should remain impartial or use emotion to favor one particular side, revealing the complexity and vastness of complicated issues. Overall, different composers have used different textual forms, thus different techniques, to shape my understanding of how conflicting perspectives are represented, and the multi-layered nature of complex issues.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective Essays -

Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective Craig H. Brockman Instructor: Eric Becker College Writing 221624 23 April 2000 The Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective In the quiet post-midnight hours of February 4, 1999, 41 shots rang out in the entry vestibule of a South Bronx apartment house. Within seconds, a young man laid dead, four policemen standing over his lifeless body. A 22-year-old immigrant from West Africa was the unfortunate victim. The police officers: four white men from the New York City Police Department's Street Crimes Unit (SCU). And almost before daylight could illumine the city's vast tract of high-rise businesses and low-rise brownstones, there came the first calls of Police Brutality, Racism, even Murder. But were these four officers, who together fired 41 shots at an unarmed young man, indeed, guilty as charged? Or was this shooting, as the officers would attempt to explain, a tragedy of the greatest possible human dimensions? Did the media ask the right questions and act in a responsible manner? Did the local politicians act in a responsible manner? And were they inappropriate actions or were they appropriate for the situation? Has society changed that much? Do we, society, take the word of the media's insight, and follow people who thrive on media attention? Who are the real prosecutors? Who makes the decision to condemn the actions of four police officers? Do we prosecute the officers of a police department who were trained to do what they did? Has anyone of these so-called experts ever looked into the past situations of men and women in the police department? And then ask the question: Why did they (the police) shoot that unarmed man? Has the police department trained the police officers the proper way? Or will the police departments around the country now train police officers to become less aggressive, giving way for an officer to worry about jail time and the loss of his financial status? Will this lead the police to turn a blind-eye in order to not get involved, and avoid their names being the target of political and community leaders? These are questions to be asked and answered. But the real questions should be asked to the people that care about their communities. These questions should not be asked to the followers of these self proclaimed community leaders who possibly couldn't care less about the quality of life that surrounds their community, some of who live in another state, and may not concern themselves with the pursuit of happiness of the people that live in that community, but the media attention they can receive. This is one officers perspective, a perspective that some may not agree with, but it is honest, it is true, and it is heart wrenching. This is no hype, no media propaganda. This is the view of an incident that happened on a Bronx street on a winter's night in 1999. Hopefully this will be a thought-provoking view, for not only the reader, but also the author. Just ask yourself these questions that I have posted, and I hope that you will understand my perspective. In the early morning hours of February 4, 1999 a tragedy occurred which would eventually separate the people of City of New York and its police department. On this morning, four members of the New York City Police Departments Street Crime Unit {SCU} were on patrol in the Bronx within the confines of the 43rd Precinct: a precinct in a neighborhood that is considered a high crime area. The four officers on patrol were: Police Officer Sean Carroll, 36, Police Officer Kenneth Boss, 28, Police Officer Edward McMellon, 27, and Police Officer Richard Murphy, 27. These four officers would, on this morning, come in contact with Mr. Amadou Diallo, 22, an African immigrant who now lived in the Bronx. On this morning, slightly after twelve midnight, the four officers were assigned to plainclothes and had an unmarked radio motor patrol car (RMP) as their patrol vehicle; this is standard operation for the SCU. Their job is to keep an eye on the street for criminal behavior and prevent crimes when possible. The officers drove down the block of Wheeler Avenue at about this time of the morning. P.O. Carroll, who was sitting in the front passenger

Saturday, November 23, 2019

1920s Prohibition and the Rise in Crime essays

1920s Prohibition and the Rise in Crime essays In 1933 the Prohibition on Alcohol was repealed, and the consumption of alcohol was finally made legal, soon after this legalization, Congress passed a law making laws against drugs in the United States. It has been determined by many scholars that ending alcohol prohibition was more harmful in the United States than as it was beneficial. Shortly after this time, a major drug problem began to arise, and the United States has been faced with a drug was ever since. If not for the legalizing of alcohol it is quite possible that our drug epidemic in the U.S. may have been avoided. In 1920, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment making alcohol consumption illegal. "The Eighteenth or Prohibition Amendment passed both houses of Congress in December 1917 and was ratified by three-fourths of the 48 state legislatures 13 months later. From 1920 until 1933, the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol was prohibited in the United States./ As with tobacco, the opiates, and cocaine, the legislation failed to create a general climate of abstention. And where there was a populace of willing consumers, supply was still able to keep pace with demand." It was very obvious that during the thirteen years that this act was in effect that there was still a major amount of alcohol being supplied in the country. Many organized crime bosses were in power and dispensing of alcohol and producing all over the country, not to mention local people making it themselves. "Alcohol remained available during Prohibition. People still got drunk, still became alcoholics, still s uffered delirium tremens. Drunken drivers remained a frequent menace on the highways... The courts, jails, hospitals, and mental hospitals were still filled with drunks..." The amendment only had one positive repercussion during its time and that was it did cause fewer people in the United States to consume alcohol. It was very obvious to Congress that the law was ineffective, an...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Proposal report for ERP strategic to Omar A. Balubaid Company Limited Essay

Proposal report for ERP strategic to Omar A. Balubaid Company Limited - Essay Example This section concludes with the benefits that will be brought about in Omar A. Balubaid after the implementation of ERP system. ERP systems tend to save time for any organization- this aspect has been discussed, along with the cost of implementation for other companies and Omar A. Balubaid. Risks of implementation have been discussed in the report. Several ways have been identified that can be adapted to handle the risks. Choosing a suitable vendor is an important step in the process of ERP implementation, therefore several vendors have been mentioned and then benefits of the chosen one have been discussed. Lastly, the implementation process of ERP systems has been discussed to give an overview to the reader about the factors that are needed to be considered during the implementation. The modern world has become a test for survival for companies around the world. Consumers have become more aware about their choices and tend to switch brands frequently. This creates the need for current information about the market trends, consumer behaviours and effective strategic planning. Companies need to be equipped with up-to-date systems so that they are not left behind in the race for revenues and market share. While keeping these things in mind, three new strategies were proposed for Omar Abu Bakar Balubaid. Co. Ltd. Omar A. Balubaid Co. Ltd. holds the status of being one of the first car companies in Saudi Arabia. It was founded in 1952 in Jeddah with the capital of SR 300,000 [1]. Over the years, the company has flourished and has established 50 branches to manage their operations and sales. It proudly owns the agencies of General Motors (GM) and Peugeot [2]. The company’s systems and procedures were being handled in the conventional manner of papers and files. Better IT infrastructure came about in the company in 1997 and MS Office got

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Introduction to Bussines Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Bussines Ethics - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates how this information can be presented to the CEO and managers in a meeting and the actions recommended rectifying the situation and giving the customer notification. Presenting the situation to the executive would involve first acknowledging that the situation exists and explaining the implications that such a case may have on the organization. For instance, if the organization left the defective product to get into the market without being checked, then they may negatively affect the clients and in extreme case even cost their lives. This is very unethical. In case this happens, the customers may sue the business in a court of law where the organization gets to pay huge fines or may even be dissolved. All these are bad consequences that the organization need to avoid in order to thrive. After explaining the implications of the problem at hand, I would proceed to give the extent of the problem. Give details on which products are perceived to have potential harm on the customers, whether they have been dispatched already or are still in the stores. In order to deal with the current situation, several actions need to be implemented immediately. The first thing to check is whether there are defective products that have already reached the end users. In such a case, the organization would seek a way of reaching these customers by contacting the main distribution points in ensuring that the end users are made aware of the situation. The second step would be to stop the sale of all potentially defective products in the company stores and the main distribution points. These products should be taken back to the warehouse for the problem to be rectified. In order to ensure that such a situation does not occur in future, there is the need to ensure that there are effective quality control and assessment tools. There should also be a strict procedure that requires all products to be tested before being distributes to the suppliers. This will reduce the risk of selling potentially harmful products to our client. This will make it possible for the company to give out clients’ value for their money and ensure continued growth in the company revenues. In order to ensure that ethicality is maintained when dealing with the customer, the guiding principle should be giving the best service and products to them. This because the company needs to threat the clients as its employer without which it cannot even exist. There is also need to create a definite system that should be used in case of the repeat of such an incident in notifying the customers of such instances and a way in which they can be compensated. Compensation of the clients is important in promoting the good faith between the company and the customer. This helps in ensuring that the organization d0esn not lose its market to the rival companies. The customers need to feel that they get real value for their money. Since it has been noted that the organization does not have a definite ethical guideline, it is important o develop a strategy of developing a tradition of ethicality through organizational change. This would be an involving process which goes beyond the creation of a code of ethics to be followed by the employees. The manger first need to study the current ethical culture I the organization to recognize the limiting factors that influence in making ethical decision. It is also important to learn which factors support ethical

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Sticks and Stones Essay Example for Free

Sticks and Stones Essay The text Sticks and Stones is written by Trezza Azzopardi in 2006. It’s about a young man named Lewis. He is a teacher and becomes witness to collective bullying; he tries to talk with the headmaster to help these problems between the kids. Seeing the bullying bring flashbacks inside of his head, reminding him of his own childhood. When Lewis was a kid he got bullied and in the text we indirectly get to know, that he had many traumatic experiences. Lewis tries helping the boy Paul Fry who gets bullied, but doesn’t succeed. We don’t get to know why. The main theme in this text is bullying and the following consequences. In the text we get an insight in how bullying can affect a person for the rest of his life. Lewis is really traumatized, and we can see that he is affected by his childhood experiences in everything he does. Bullying is now a worldwide problem, and bullying often results in self harm, eating disorders, anxiety or, in worst case, suicide. Children, youngsters and adults all over the world are experiencing bullying, and it is safe to say, that something must be done. Lewis is the main character in the story. He experiences great trauma, since he was bullied in his childhood. He is an adult now, and a schoolteacher. He moved into his mothers house about a month ago, because he had many problems, and got something like a depression that caused him to not be able to live a normal life. Lewis has beforehand escaped into the city of London to live his adult life, because he has traumatic experiences from the countryside. But when he experiences the scenery with Paul Fry, it bothers him in an unimaginable way, and he moves back into the house of his mother. It is safe to say that Lewis is emotionally unstable, and it is not possible to predict wether he’ll ever fully mentally recover. Paul Fry is a child and a student on the school where Lewis teaches. Paul gets bullied by some of the other children. His situation deeply affects Lewis, because Lewis sees himself and his childhood in Paul Fry. Paul has a very important role in the story, because he reflects Lewis’ childhood. He has a central importance in the outcome of the story, since his case results in Lewis losing his mind, and leaving his job. Azzopardi uses flashbacks throughout the entire story. They are used to create the entire image of Lewis’ life, with all of its trauma and consequences. There seems to rule some kind of calmness in the last couple of lines in the story. Lewis realizes that there’s nothing he can do, nothing he should so. When Lewis lies down on the ground, he is in contact with the same ground witch he hit several years ago. But this time, it is in calm surroundings, and it is something he has chosen himself. He also mentions how he listens to the humming earth, where he before only could hear the noise of the crashing waves that he feared. In the end, everything goes quiet, and you get the feeling that Lewis will be all right after all.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Analysis Of External And Internal Environment Marketing Essay

Analysis Of External And Internal Environment Marketing Essay A small business is a business that is privately owned and operated, with a small number of employees and relatively low volume of sales. Small businesses are normally privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships. Every business which starts with the small capital, few members of staff and management, dont have much branches in other areas, town or country will be called as small businesses. Small businesses often have the vision of expansion, invest more capitalisation as well as profit maximisation. Here I am taking about Fried chicken shop which is necessary to UK people. This fried chicken shop name is western fried chicken. Executive Summary: The marketing plan of Western Fried Chicken focuses on their current positioning and the effects of repositioning themselves by launching Halal Fried Chicken. With its launch, theyd also be in the list of one of the Halal food suppliers in UK. The main idea is to offer Halal fried chicken in western style as well as with a few amendments in the recipe by making it spicy to make it appealing to its extended target audience i.e. Muslims that reside in United Kingdom. The reason being Muslims prefer a slightly more spicy food than the western food. The repositioning of the brand is targeted towards the extension of its target audience by allowing access to another target group i.e. a profitable population of Muslims from all over the world, living in UK. There is a high tendency of its success as Western Fried Chicken is already liked by its existing target audience and gets good reviews if anyone is a big fan of scrumptious chicken, chips and even juicy burgers. The consumers prefer WF C more than one of its giant competitors i.e. KFC. The Buzz marketing effect would be one of the best and cost free methods of promoting their chicken. The Challenge The food industry is a mammoth industry in UK and since there is a busy lifestyle, people prefer fast food take away rather than going for fine dining. In order to survive in the food industry where there is cut throat competition with over 1, 000 individual brands and 1,700 outlets, WFC has to offer something exceptional to its existing target audience in order to retain them and also attract new ones by enabling Muslims to be carefree regarding the Halal meat and focus on providing them something according to their preferences and taste. A little effort on consumer research should be put in, in order to know about their preferences and ultimately provide better end results to them and remove chances of consumer disgust. Vision: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To establish a world class brand. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To be the leading and fastest growing fast food chain in UK. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To be synonymous with quality and profitability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To bring innovative products and business models to customers. Mission: Providing a hot juice burger, hot testy fried wings and chips. Providing a customer nice environment and nice service. Analysis of external and internal environment of the company: EXTERNAL environment: EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT is factors (conditions, trends, and forces) essentially outside the control of organizational members. External environmental scans are conducted to identify important factors in the external environment. This analysis is often a critical aspect in all business or strategic plans. Also known as the operating environment, this refers to market conditions, economic and political issues on the local and national levels, demographic factors, and other forces outside of a business that affect the overall success of that business. The external environment creates both risks and opportunities for a company. Companys external environment has two factors such as Micro and Macro. To study micro factors, we need to focuses on Porters five generic forces model and to study macro factors, we need to focuses on PEST analysis of the company. Organization Macro factor: Macro environment factors are external forces or components that may affect the running of a business or organization. Despite being largely beyond the control of a business, macro environment factors often require changes and shifts in operating, management, production, and marketing. There are many different types of macro environment factors, including political, economic, social, and technological concerns also known as PEST factors. Macro-environmental factor normally using by the management and professionals to scan the external environment of the business to study strategic business management. There are many factors in the Western Fried chickens macro-environment that would affect the decisions of its management. Economical Political PEST Technological Social Political: Political factors can have a profound effect on how a business is operated and managed. Tax policy, government-issued safety regulations, the availability of government contracts, and even shifts in the controlling political party may all change the macro environment for an organization. International laws, such as trade agreements and tariffs, may affect the supply and demand chains and available markets for many different businesses as well. Political factors like changes in the Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic changes and government policy changes can affect WFC. WFC has an advantage being a food outlet as there wont be any such limitations in running their business. Despite the political distress it wouldnt affect the business of food chains at all as people wont stop eating food. Therefore, in political terms it has a positive edge. Economic Environment: A market boom, recession, or growing inflation problem can all change the way a business plans for the future and operates in the present. Economic macro environment factors are often difficult to assess, since economic forecasts and analyses vary widely between experts. Unemployment levels, comparative foreign exchange rates, and the state of the global economy can all help or hurt a business ability to get components it needs and maintain stable profit levels. Envisioning the economic environment of UK where inflation is as high as 3.3424%, the business might get affected thereby, decreasing the customer footfall, but at the same time, welcoming another target market will subsidize this outcome. Social and Cultural Environment: With respect to social and cultural environment, WFC is in an excellent situation. The reason being they are providing food which is one of the basic necessities of survival of human life. Secondly when talking about culture, just as the name suggests Western Fried Chicken, their offering fits the culture of UK the best and now they are even planning to launch Halal meat which would include the understanding of western consumer groups as well as other consumer groups i.e. Muslims for whom Halal meat is sacred This would help create positive associations to their brand. Technological: Technological macro environment factors can influence how a company does business. A new type of machinery, advanced computer chip, or product created through research and development can help a company stay modernized and ahead of the market curve. Keeping up with technological advances can be something of a marathon and a gamble; smart business owners must be able to accurately identify which new developments will be truly useful, and which are merely shiny objects with no real ability to improve business. Being a food outlet, Western Fried Chicken can adapt to a few more advanced technological cooking equipment such as electrical ovens and deep fryers etc. that would be hassle free and heat the oil at a flawless level in order to provide well cooked and crispy chicken than ever before. Organization Micro Factor: Companys micro environmental factors can be explained by using Michael Porters generic five forces model. This model mainly explains the relationship between company and their potential competitors, buyers and suppliers. These five forces also affect WFC. With this analysis one can find out the best option suitable for WFC to overcome the problems in the market due to those five forces. Bargaining power of CustomerMichael Porters five forces model: Bargaining Power of Suppliers Threat of substitute Products Competitive Rivalry within industry Threat of new Entrance Threat of new Entrance: Threat of New entrants is high as there are low barriers to entry on and there is no monopoly of any food outlets. The reason being the core product i.e. fried chicken is always a hit and there are higher chances of new entrants to survive pretty well in this industry by consuming other existing businesses market share. The bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers is also low as chicken which is the raw material for WFC is not a difficult item to get due to the sufficient amount of suppliers but when it comes to Halal meat then it could be taken as bargaining power of suppliers is high as a very few suppliers provide Halal meat which is near to having monopoly. The bargaining power of buyers: The bargaining power of buyers is high when it comes to fast food items as there are many other outlets such as Chicken Cottage, KFC and Dixy Chicken etc. offering the same menu. Therefore, if the customers feel that WFC is continuously over pricing then there is a possibility of switching to other competitors. Threat of substitutes: Threat of substitutes is also high as there are over 1000 individual brands in operation in UK and if in future the consumers may think that WFC is not a healthy food, they might get inclined towards healthy food such as Chinese, Thai and Subway etc. Competitive Rivalry in the industry: Competitive Rivalry in the industry is very high because there is cut throat competition in the food industry of UK. There are over 1700 outlets providing something or the other. WFC has a lot of direct and indirect competitors. Internal analysis: To analyse any companys internal environment, it is very important to focus on what are the companys strength and weaknesses. By utilizing strength, company can use this positive factor to grow in the competitive market. It shows companys uniqueness from its competitors. Why we should choose or do not choose this company, we can get idea from its strengths or weakness. By focusing on companys weaknesses management can change or improve the weak points and they can transform weakness into their strengths. Strengths: Characteristics of the business, or project team that give it an advantage over others. Good Taste: WFC is famous for providing one of the best fried chicken and chicken burgers in town. Strong Brand Conviction: When it comes to fried chicken the customers strongly prefer and the fact that WFC is open till 4am which gives it an edge over all its competitors such as KFC etc. Customer Loyalty: If a customer has once tried WFC; hed get converted into a regular customer in no time. Customer Oriented Business: WFC is somewhat an amateur customer oriented business that plans to focus on consumer preferences and meet the expectations of the consumers better. Adaptability to change: WFC is willing to change as theyre thinking on the lines introducing Halal meat and extending their target audience. Weaknesses: Weaknesses are characteristics that place the team at a disadvantage relative to others. Narrow assortment of menu: fried chicken pieces, burgers, wings and ribs with fries and drink are just too limited offerings due to which they might lose on some of the potential customers. Lack in providing value for money to the customers: According to a few customers WFC is now charging expensive rates with respect to the value they are providing in form of food. The perceived value is less than the actual value delivered to the customers. Lacks in marketing research: A little effort put towards the marketing research of existing as well as attracting new customers might help WFC to be more profitable by providing value to its target market. Business Plan: Every small and big business starts with business plan. A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals. Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, taxpayer, or larger community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture, a 3 to 5 year business plan is required, since investors will look for their annual return in that timeframe. The process of business plan passes through series of stages. Gather Information: WFC has gathered information about market trend in the UK. They found out that in UK there are lots of Muslim people. Age 14 45 years; teenagers who are students to adults, who are working there mostly, like fried chicken. Thats why there opening at let night 4 AM. Mission Goals: To provide a hot good quality and juice food to customer. Providing a good customer service. Increasing the income  £15000 to  £25000. Devise Strategies: At this stage WFC formulate their strategies to play in the market. Owner sit together and discuss about the market research and statistical data based on past survey. They develop the strategies on the basis of those data. Evaluation Plan: On the basis of the reports regarding monitored performance, Owner can evaluate the business plan again if he fined any gaps in their actual then targeted outcome. He can again start gathering information about actual market trend. Business plan is like a cycle. It doesnt stop once they achieved their target. Conclusion: Western Fried Chicken is operating really well in the food industry in UK and is really popular amongst its target audience. Catering to another untapped market of the Muslim population would make it a profitable venture by leaps and bounds as there are a really few Halal meat retail outlets in the UK. The opportunity is huge for the outlet which if grabbed properly can take the company into a new arena completely. I feel that this opportunity should be grabbed by the organization as there is a huge potential market available for it.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Taliban/Osama Movie

J. Galloway, T. Lockett, M. Franklin Dr. Newson-Horst Humanities 301 March 7, 2013 Taliban/Osama The Taliban are a large Sunni Islamist group of men who rule in Afghanistan. The Taliban presence in Afghanistan was densest in 1996 on through 2001. The Taliban presence/force declined in 2001 with the invasion of the U. S. military in The Middle East after the September 11 attacks. The Taliban began as a distinct group who fought alongside other mujahedeen groups during the Cold War against the Soviet Union.In the early to late 1980's the Cold War allowed the Taliban to rise to power. The Taliban group was set apart from other mujahedeen groups because of their focus on the learning and teaching of the Islamic faith alongside actual fighting. The film Osama written by Siddiq Barmak, provides an accurate depiction of the Taliban in Afghanistan by its in depth portrayal of the Taliban’s religious values, control, and acts of violence. The religious values of the Taliban are what fo rm them as a group.Anyone who wished to fight on the Taliban front would have to comply with their strict routine of prayer and study which filled their lives when they were not fighting. In the film viewers may perhaps gain this interpretation as they watched the young boys hauled off to a Taliban ran school where they prayed and studied the Qur’an in several scenes. The Taliban follow the Islamic faith very strictly sticking to traditional views and values especially towards women. The women under Taliban control cannot work, wear what they please, or come and go as they please.The religious values learned and taught by the Taliban takes a huge toll on the everyday lives of the people who are succumbed to that way of life. The Taliban has a substantial amount of control in Afghanistan with fifty-four percent of the control being permanent. Taliban ruled areas are doomed with laws and constant terror. The women are harassed and forced to wear burkas at all times. In the film a member of the Taliban warns a husband to make his wife cover her feet in fear of other men being aroused by her feet.The Taliban in Afghanistan gain finances through drug trafficking, kidnapping, and foreign donations. Private citizens from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran, and some Persian Gulf nations are the largest contributors to the donations of the Taliban group in Afghanistan. The group was trademarked by controlling women to wear burkas, banning television, and jailing men whose beards were deemed too short. These controlling antics are depicted throughout the film. The violent nature of the Taliban is heavily present in the film Osama.In one scene women were protesting for the right to work to provide for their families. The Taliban blasted these women and their children with water and sprayed bullets into the crowd. Several protesting women were jailed for their participation. The Taliban also participates in kidnapping as a means of financial gain. They commit high profil e kidnappings for ransom to fund their terror. Finally, the Taliban has its own judicial system where many people have their lives taking away for random acts of resistance against Taliban law.In the film one can see an American reporter sentenced to death for recording the Taliban. The Taliban conduct live stoning to death with its members and crowd. In conclusion, the Taliban's large presence in Afghanistan has been in place for a very long time. The lifestyle of Middle Eastern women, men, and children are shaped around the ruling of the Taliban. The Taliban parade the streets and cause terror in the lives of its people. The film Osama aided with the understanding of the Taliban rule.Viewers gain a first-hand interpretation of the hardships faced under Taliban rule and how tough it is to uphold as a family. Citations Ansari, Fahad. â€Å"Understanding the Taliban Movement. † Harakah Daily/en H 1434 (2013): n. pag. 06 Mar. 2013. Web. Bajoria, Jayshree. â€Å"Council on Fore ign Relations. † Backgrounder (n. d. ): n. pag. Council on Foreign Relations. 06 Oct. 2011. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. Fremson, Ruth. Taliban (n. d. ): n. pag. Nytimes. com. The New York Times, 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. .

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Cognitive Coaching Essay

The Effects of Cognitive Coaching on Education and in Supporting Teacher Leadership â€Å"Creating a profession of teaching in which teachers have the opportunity for continual learning is the likeliest way to inspire greater achievement for children, especially those for whom education is the only pathway to survival and success† (Sumner, 2011, p. 10). Educators today are required to have a different set of skills to effectively prepare students to be global competitors in the workplace. Educators cannot make these alterations in teaching methodology and instructional delivery without support. Coaches support and encourage teachers, improve teacher strategies, promote teacher reflection, and focus on desired outcomes (Sumner, 2011). A key ingredient for improving student achievement is high quality leadership. Although leadership skills may come naturally for some, most educators need some form of practice and coaching to become high quality leaders (Patti & Holzer, 2012). What is Cognitive Coaching? Cognitive coaching is a relationship that is learner-centered, where the person being coached is an active participant in their learning process. The coach is responsible for creating an environment that is sensitive to the participant’s needs, providing ample opportunity for self-reflection which enables the participant to learn from their own unique experiences. Garmston (1993) stated: Cognitive Coaching is a process during which teachers explore the thinking behind their practices. Each person seems to maintain a cognitive map, only partially conscious. In Cognitive Coaching, questions asked by the coach reveal to the teacher areas of that map that may not be complete or consciously developed. When teachers talk out loud about their thinking, their decisions become clearer to them, and their awareness increases (p. 57). The relationship that evolves through cognitive coaching is based on a journey of self-discovery for both the coach and the coached individual. The coach is equally responsible for reflecting and learning from their own experiences in an effort to providing the best guidance to the coached individual throughout their coaching relationship. If mentors are to facilitate learning of their mentees, they can best begin by being in touch with the forces in their own lives (Zachary, 2000). The learning that takes place in stages is the focal point of cognitive coaching. Cognitive coaching uses a three-phase cycle: pre-conference, observation, and post-conference. These cycles are used for the sole purpose of helping the teacher improve instructional effectiveness by becoming more reflective about teaching (Garmston, 1993). Cognitive Coaching asserts that instructional behavior is a reflection of beliefs; teachers must analyze and change their beliefs in order to change their behaviors. Coaches ask teachers to reflect on their beliefs about the classroom to facilitate making changes or improvements (Patti & Holzer, 2012). Cognitive Coaching in Education The most valuable asset in the education profession is its human capital – teachers and administrators. Unfortunately, these professionals are typically given limited opportunities throughout their career to enhance their knowledge and skills enabling them to be more effective teachers and leaders. Newly hired recruits into the profession usually receive coaching for a few months during their first year of employment, but the majority will gain experience through their own trial and error. According to Patti & Holzer (2012): Professional development opportunities for teachers and administrators who function in a leadership capacity are often too scarce or narrow in focus to cultivate lasting and effective improvement. Most school systems regularly provide teacher educators with just two or three days per year of professional development, typically aimed at improving literacy and mathematics scores. Effective professional development happens when the adult learner connects personally to the new learning. When educators participate in reflective practices that cultivate self-awareness, emotion management, social awareness, and relationship management, they are in a better position to deliver high quality instruction and leadership (p. 264). The education profession can benefit from implementing cognitive coaching as a way of helping teachers and administrators expand their professional development through self-observation, self-reflection, and self-feedback. An analysis of the findings from these factors will help the professional to become aware of their own self-imposed limitations. In education, coaching has traditionally supported teachers in the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities that target student achievement (Patti & Holzer, 2012). The effects of cognitive coaching on teacher efficacy has been positively correlated to increased student performance. Sumner (2011) offers: Coaching is a key method for helping teachers improve student achievement and school culture. Much of this potential school improvement comes from educating teachers in how to be reflective about their practice and in learning how to establish an equal relationship based on mutual desire to improve. Perhaps most importantly, ―a culture of coaching improves teaching and improves student learning (p.47). While the ultimate goal of cognitive coaching is to help foster change in the thinking patterns and behaviors of the coached individual – the end result of this endeavor is improved student performance. Professional development can only work if it is focused on both student and teacher learning and a culture of support for and valuing of quality staff development is present (Sumner, 2011). Cognitive Coaching Supporting Teacher Leadership Cognitive coaching allows teachers to take ownership of their professional development by encouraging them to be accountable of their cognitive learning process. The self-reflection that is involved in cognitive coaching coupled with professional vision enables teachers to become a catalyst of change both in the classroom and beyond. Patti & Holzer (2012) stated: The coaching relationship provides a safe haven for mindful attention to self-change in the areas of self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. It is through this individual process that the teacher and administrative leader positively impact the culture and climate of the classroom and school (p. 270). Every teacher has the capabilities to improve their knowledge and skill and cognitive coaching affords the opportunity of exploration into one’s self, challenging old beliefs and habits, emerging a better, stronger leader. Leadership is not mobilizing others to solve problems we already know how to solve, but to help them confront problems that have never yet been successfully addressed (Fullan, 2007). The reflection learned through cognitive coaching helps develop problem-solving skills as teachers examine their experience, generate alternatives, and evaluate actions. Educators need to model risk taking, open-mindedness, and continuous learning to create schools that are communities of learners (Garmston, 1993). Conclusion â€Å"Effective leaders work on their own and others’ emotional development. There is no greater skill needed for sustainable improvement† (Fullan, 2007). Cognitive coaching enables educators to develop unexplored potential, while expanding their repertoire of teaching methodologies. The implementation of cognitive coaching increases student achievement and teacher efficacy, produce higher order teacher thinking, and provides teacher support (Sumner, 2011). Great schools grow when educators understand that the power of their leadership lies in the strength of their relationships. Strong leadership in schools results from the participation of many people, each leading in his or her own way (Donaldson, 2007). Cognitive coaching is the key to educators’ unlocking their inner power to profoundly impact students’ learning.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Analysis of Kamakura and Asuka Period Sculpture essays

Analysis of Kamakura and Asuka Period Sculpture essays Japan has a very rich history of sculpture- from prehistory pottery to a focus of materiality in modern Japanese sculpture. It's history also very rich when it comes to dealing with the figure. The Yumedono Kannon of Horyu-ji is a fantastic glimpse into the past and the idealization of form. It's considered a national treasure, and is only viewable by the public twice a year. The Yumedono Kannon serves as a prime example of Asuka period sculpture. Kosho's statue of the monk Kuya was created roughly 600 years later than the Yumedono Kannon. It's a beautiful example of displaying a strikingly real form with attention to detail found throughout the piece. This attention and realistic approach has become characteristic of early Kamakura sculpture and is defined throughout the rest of era. The similarities between these pieces stretch far beyond the idea that it's a figurative sculpture, while the differences are the key indicators of the growth the artistic mindset and the approaches t aken to the creation of art. The Yumedono Kannon is stylistically an idealized form. The head has indication of bone structure in the cheeks, jaw and brow area. However, the construction of it is very generic and ovular. The layout of the facial features is very symmetrical, and smooth. The neck is tubular in nature and very plain. There's no indication of an Adam's apple and the chin doesn't stick out very far from the connection between the two. The Kannon has very rounded shoulders that sort of angle down giving the figure a relaxed demeanor. The torso further emphasizes symmetry in the clothing and drapery hanging from the back. The streamlined appearance from afar comes from the harsh, straight lines flowing down. The form itself is very simple, with a little indication of the body under the clothing, but it's also incredibly generic. There is a little play with asymmetry but it's mostly where the clothes become connected on the upper torso, the ha...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The Difference Between Primary and Secondary Sources

The Difference Between Primary and Secondary Sources When it comes to finding sources for a  written assignment, it is crucial the student in higher education has the ability to differentiate between various sources and can evaluate the credibility of these sources, while understanding how  sources  can enhance their overall understanding of a subject or topic.  In most cases, a student’s research will likely lead them to both Primary and Secondary Sources. PRIMARY SOURCES Primary Sources include historical documents, literary works (poems, novels, short stories, plays, etc.), eyewitness accounts, diaries, field reports, letters and other examples of correspondence between people, like emails, and lab studies. Others examples of Primary Sources are the following:  any original research is done through interviews, experiments, and observations, as well as surveys. Primary Sources are useful because they offer subjects for firsthand study. SECONDARY SOURCES Secondary Sources include scholarly books and articles, reviews, biographies, textbooks – as well as other works that interpret and/orss Primary Sources. A Secondary Source helps a student understand and evaluate primary source material. CONSIDER THE SOURCE EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY  SOURCES Determining if a work is considered a primary or secondary source often depends on the topic and the purpose of the writer: if a person is analyzing a poem – a Primary Source – a critic’s article interpreting the poem is a Secondary Source.  But if the student or scholar is investigating that critic’s article (the interpretation of the poem), that article could be considered a Primary Source for the student’s own study and interpretation. WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT TO KNOW? Since most student research papers will include a combination of Primary and Secondary Sources, it is very important to understand the implications of each. A familiarity with the Primary Sources of a topic will allow the student to assess the accuracy and value of a Secondary Source. For example, if a student reads Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter (a Primary Source) for a better understanding of Puritan history and beliefs, that student would be better inclined to discern a fallible, valueless Secondary Source; if that student has not read the novel, though, they may have been convinced that same Secondary Source was indeed a credible one – therefore, earning them a lower grade on the assignment for using a Secondary Source that does not treat the subject matter accurately and respectfully; it would exemplify the use of an insignificant Secondary Source. In short, commentaries and interpretations about people, events, and works of art, statistics, or scientific data are Secondary Sources – ones that should be evaluated on the basis of how well they describe and interpret a Primary Source.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

FIFA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

FIFA - Case Study Example Football is normally governed by a worldwide body. This is called the FIFA. In the year 1930, the first world cup finals were held. This was done in Uruguay. After this the next world cup finals were held in the year 1994.This was held in the United States of America. In the past, FIFA never used to allocate the world cup finals evenly. Recently FIFA decided to give equal considerations to every FIFA confederations. FIFA has got 204 members who are quite ambitious who have highly contributed to this. This organisation has really expanded in the resent past. In the year 2006, the word cup finals were held in Germany after the members voting. 1 FIFA usually has presidential elections and the aspirants are the ones that that offer this improvements. The one that was in Germany was supposed to have been held in South Africa but it brought in many accusations concerning intimidation. There is a high probability that the finals will not be held in Europe any soon, maybe until the year 2020.It was noted that there were huge costs incurred in hosting the 32 national teams when the world cup final were held in Korea and Japan. FIFA increased the amount of money it is offering to world cup winners .This was by 70% increased. This was effective in the year 1998 when this amount was paid to France after winning the world cup finals. ... There is a high probability that the finals will not be held in Europe any soon, maybe until the year 2020.It was noted that there were huge costs incurred in hosting the 32 national teams when the world cup final were held in Korea and Japan. FIFA increased the amount of money it is offering to world cup winners .This was by 70% increased. This was effective in the year 1998 when this amount was paid to France after winning the world cup finals. Initially, each team that participated in the world cup finals used to be paid 400,000. Each game that is played in the tournament was attracting 550,000.FIFA is now paying 2m to each team that participates in the world cup games even if it doesn't succeed in the initial group games. There are chances that FIFA could pay the winners an amount of 5m.This will depend on several factors. It includes the number of sponsorships that the world cups will attract and the amount rose by these finals in general. World cup finals were in the past hosted by Japan and Korea. This was tricky because the two nations have their own differences and have tense relations. These differences are in the social development, cultural and economic sectors. Regional discord could very much be promoted by the world cup finals in the two nations. 2.0 FIFA This organisation was founded in May 1904.It is the Federation International de Football Association in full. The nations that signed the act of foundation include; Sweden, Spain, Denmark, France, Belgium, Switzerland and France. At the start of the twenty first century, the first official matches under this organisation took place in Europe. The intention of starting up this organisation was to understand the role played by English in the matches. Netherlands Football Association's secretary got

Friday, November 1, 2019

Quantitative research Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative research - Term Paper Example Quantitative designs include experimental, non-experimental and quasi-experimental. This examines the cause and outcome relationship between the independent and dependent variables in conditions under high control. According to Polit and Beck (2009), an outcome has to be preceded by a cause without any influencing variable so as to confidently conclude the existence of a cause-outcome relationship. With this design, manipulation could not be possible on all variables. The most classic of these designs according to Cannon (2011) is the pre-test/post-test design where subjects would be assigned to a control or experimental group which does not receive and receives treatment respectively. Other designs include posttest only and factorial designs. This design has been highly regarded due to its strength in demonstrating cause outcome relationship between independent and dependent variables. It gives highest quality evidence concerning intervention effects. Randomization and applications of control group conditions yield almost ideal counterfactual. It offers the greatest corroboration. Even so, it has limitations including the inability of manipulating some variables. The design suffers from ethical constraints when experimenting on humans. It could fail to be feasible as it would be impractical in many healthcare settings. It suffers Hawthorne effect, described by Polit and Beck (2009) as the tendency to change behavior by the people having the knowledge that they are being studied. The non-experimental design would be applied in situations where manipulation of independent variables could be difficult and randomization uncontrolled but the outcome of some conditions occurring naturally could be studied. Studies adopting this design would be more observational than international. Under this could be various designs including descriptive research, ex post

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Math Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Math - Research Paper Example Secondly, the teachers may opt to enroll for a course that offers them an opportunity to learn more about their profession and the changes that are taking place (Harwell, 2003). Through the course, the professionals can develop greatly in terms of acquisition of ideas. Thirdly, professional development can be attained through actin research. Through action research, the teachers can try out different methods or approaches that lead to effective teaching in the classroom (Harwell, 2003). For instance, the teacher may opt to go for peer teaching or observation that allows the students reflect on concepts taught in class and even assess the performance as a teacher. Lastly, professional development can be attained through the teacher joining groups that are professional in nature. These groups allow for the teachers to be more conversant with the concepts they teach in class and even become active in the quest to do more research on the concepts they teach in class (Harwell, 2003). Conclusively, learning is a continuous process and professional development can be attained through various approaches like enrolling for a course, action research, changing the methods of teaching and even joining professional bodies in one’s

Monday, October 28, 2019

The Great Gatsby Destruction of the American Dream Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Destruction of the American Dream Essay The failure of the American dream can be seen through the main characters Gatsby, Daisy and Myrtle and Tom Buchannan. Gatsby is obviously the most important of the four, due to his significant roll in the book. Jay Gatsby is bent on getting his love interest, Daisy, his girlfriend before the war. Ironically, Gatsby, a decorated military officer, is so intent on getting Daisy back he involves himself in organized crime and bootlegging (Callahan 2). He moves in across the river from Daisy and throws lavish parties to try to get her to come and try to woo her back to him. These lavish parties and Gatsby’s inability to move on will ultimately lead to his downfall. Baska 2 Gatsby’s personality parallels with many items brought up in the book. Fitzgerald uses Nick to describe Gatsby mansion, â€Å"The one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard—it was a factual imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool, and more than forty acres of lawn and garden. It was Gatsby’s mansion† (Fitzgerald 7). When Nick enters Gatsby’s house to attend one of his parties he also describes its grand rooms with high empty ceilings. Gatsby, much like his mansion, puts of this elegant appearance but on the inside he is hollow and tiring to find people to fill that hollowness Daisy’s character is very static just like the Gatsby; she plays Gatsby off and only truly liked him because he was just something new (Callahan 2). Despite being from the upper elite class and having the â€Å"perfect lifestyle†, she still is the third wheel in her relationship. Tom, Daisy’s husband, engages in an affair with Myrtle and despite the thinking that the upper class is perfect and everyone should be like them Tom beats his wife and is very hot headed. Tom is also a factory owner and the New York factories have destroyed this valley known as the Valley of Ashes. In this Valley there is the sign of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg â€Å"The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic—their irises are one Baska 3 yard high. They look out of no face, but, instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a nonexistent nose. Evidently some wild wag of an oculist set them there to fatten his practice in the borough of Queens, and then sank down himself into eternal blindness. †(Fitzgerald 24) The decaying face of Eckleburg is there to show the consequences of the American Dream in the twenties and how it had destroyed the lives of many people. It may also be seen as the death of God in this day and age of social decay. Much like Daisy in her youth Myrtle has decided the wealthy life is the way for her. Myrtle up till the end is an almost ideal picture of the American Dream despite cheating on her husband for Tom. Myrtle’s car has broken down and when she exits the car Daisy, who was coming down the road, hits her with her car. Myrtle had gone from the Valley of Ashes to the riches to being murdered by her love affair’s wife. This downward spiral continues when George Wilson, Myrtles husband, believes who ever hit Myrtle was the person she was having an affair with. Tom tells Wilson that Gatsby was driving the car that hit Myrtle. Wilson goes to Gatsby’s house were he finds him relaxing in the pool on a float. Wilson shoots Gatsby then turns the gun on himself, showing us the tragic ending to the books corruption in the American Dream theme. Corruption in the twenties illustrated in The Great Gatsby parallels with many other generations, one such one is the most recent. The world today is filled with consumerism and the idea that to be reat and to be the person in the spot light you Baska 4 must have money and glamour. In The Great Gatsby, there is also the apparent struggle between the â€Å"new money† and the â€Å"old money† just as there is today. The Roaring twenties was the first generation to change the American Dream from the strait laced puritan morals to living large in the mansion. Hollywood, celebrities and the television has imbedded the failures of the American Dream which Fitzgerald has exposed in The Great Ga tsby into today’s culture. The middle class has been given the privilege to have a home and have freedom, so the view of the American dream has been changed by society. Tyler Durden, from Fight Club, expresses the sentiments above â€Å"Advertising has us chasing cars and clothes, working jobs we hate so we can buy stuff we don’t need† (Palahniuk 114). Despite all the ignorant prejudice the recent large scale Hispanic immigration hopefully will show America that The American Dream should not about having money and the perfect life, but having a safe haven to live your life free. The people who left everything to come to America not to be famous or the wealthy but for a better life for them and their children are the true idealization of the American Dream. From the Great Gatsby to the roaring twenties all they way up to modern times people look up to the American Dream for inspiration and try to make it their own. Greed and love may have corrupted the dream for Gatsby, though it is just human nature to want more than what you have and that is the true corruption Fitzgerald has shown his readers.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Hanging of Billy Budd Essay -- essays research papers

The Hanging of Billy Budd The hanging of Billy in Melville’s Billy Budd was a questionable and complex decision made by Captain Vere. Captain Vere, or â€Å"starry Vere,† chose to coincide with the law rather than spare Billy to make himself happy. The hanging of Billy was necessary for order to remain on the ship and for justice to prevail. Billy Budd, also known as the â€Å"handsome sailor,† was on trial for killing the master-at-arms, Claggart. Everyone wished for Billy’s life to be spared, but Captain Vere chose to follow the oath he pledged to the King. Consequently, Billy was given the death penalty and hanged. Billy Budd's death was presided on very questionable cicumstances although he was liked by everyone, he was accussed of mutiny abored ship, and the muder of the Master at arms Claggert. His death was looked st as a tragedy by all abored ship even Captain Vere who made the decision to hang Billy, but it was the only decision which could have been made to keep the ship and the shipsmen from rebelling and killing all those people of higher command   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone on the ship enjoyed Billy’s presence, except Claggart. He was described to be a â€Å"sweet, pleasant fellow† (pg. 5). Captain Vere liked Billy as much or more than the others, â€Å"†¦they all loved him!† (pg. 6) Because of this, he wondered what the best choice was: save Billy, or hang him? The decision to hang Billy was, in retrospect, the right one. If Captain Vere chose not to hang Billy, no one wo...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Christmas Carol-‘Fear Is the Only Motivator for Scrooge. It Is When the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Shows Him His Lonely Grave That He Decides to Change.’ Essay

The main character, Scrooge was scared towards the end. Scrooge is a character from â€Å"Christmas Carol† by Charles Dickens’. Dicken shows Scrooge supernatural things throughout this novel by creating a scary looking angel of death that points to Scrooge’s future grave. The other character who appears towards the end, doesn’t play a big role as the angel of death. The first supernatural appearance didn’t really scare Scrooge. Scrooge thought he was just seeing things when he saw Marley’s face on his house’s door knob. In my opinion when Dickens shows Scrooge the ghost’s image which looked like Marley, Scrooge gets surprise but not scared. Scrooge didn’t actually believe in Marley when he told him â€Å"In the next couple of nights there will be ghost that will visit you†. When Marley leaves Scrooge, Scrooge acts like nothing has happened. None of the ghost makes Scrooge regret life as the last ghost even when the next supernatural ghost visits Scrooge. The second ghost is telling you remember when you were with Belle. The ghost try’s to scare him by showing him and it doesn’t work probably because the way I defined that moment was Scrooge didn’t show any change about Belle. In my opinion you can regret the past and forget it but you’re going to regret it more when you know you’re going to die in a certain years then go with Marley roaming the earth. I think the second last ghost was a waste of character. When you’re trying to change someone you’re trying to show him scary thing not that like feast and caring moment. Why show Scrooge people caring about him when you can show him people talk about Scrooge after his death. When trying to scare a person is by scaring him and getting the punishment. It’s like getting a fine for speeding you’ll be scared about the punishment and not do it again. When the angel of death comes Scrooge already gets scared not like when the last ghost comes wearing nice cloths and throne made up of food. The gho st appears for the dark and fog around his legs which make his entire more scarier and to tell Scrooge things are going to get heaps more serious now and forget about the other ghost, they were being nice but I’m not going to be like them. When the ghost makes Scrooge cry, the ghost has finished his job. When he (ghost) makes Scrooge cry, the cry of Scrooge represents his going to change and you got so scared that you start to cry. I don’t know if you recognised that Scrooge only makes a promise to the last ghost. I will honour Christmas in my heart and try to keep it all the year.† Only make promises when you’re ready to become something new like Scrooge now. I finally say that the best way to make someone regret and change them is by scaring them and I strongly agree that fear is the only motivator for Scrooge is when the ghost of Christmas yet to come shows him his lonely grave that he decides to change.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Anti War Activism in the World of Cyberspace & Beyond Essay

The group this study examines is an anti war group, called IVAW or Iraq Veterans Against the War (http://www. ivaw. org) initially organized by veterans of the Iraq War in 2004, one year after the start of the war in Iraq, and have expanded their mission to opposing the conflict in Afghanistan. This is clearly a group with potential, with a defined core demographic, but one which is, while sophisticated in the tools it is using, failing in its fundamental mission and goals, not to mention not maximizing the considerable power of the tools it has at its disposal. Yet despite these failings, the group is extremely holistic and uses many proven tactics, albeit unsuccessfully or not maximally utilized or executed, either lifted directly or fused into a new medium, used across many historical struggles – ones for civil rights, gender equity, art as protest, AIDS activism, and even class struggle, although in the latter issue, the group is still struggling to find its way to define its strategy effectively as all social activist groups do in America on this issue. But the fact remains, you won’t find many graduates of Harvard stationed in Kabul. And in a country reeling from high unemployment it is a perfect time to hit the establishment on exactly this issue. Overall Organizational Structure National Overview The current organization is a mostly virtual 501(c) 3 (non lobbying) non profit, with a national office located in New York City, and a website. There are four full time employees, 1,700 members, who are listed online, and 61 chapters in 48 states. Figure 1: IVAW Chapters Nationally Regional Organization The regional chapters are staffed by volunteer state/field organizers to coordinate state wide campaigns of all sorts (described below). The group has volunteer speakers (mostly vets) and a board. Core Demographics & Membership The core demographic are vets, both old and young, and their families. The socioeconomic level is primarily blue collar working class and those from America’s heartland, who signed up to serve because they had no sense of American foreign policy, or enlisted in the National Guard to get a college or advanced education in the first place, without realizing that they would be called upon to serve in actual combat and for repeated tours of duty which is unprecedented in American history. To the extent that the organization provides educational outreach, they are exceptional in their holistic approach. Where the group fails is how they do not effectively use the tools at their disposal to mobilize their membership. And that failure is contributing both to their low member count and to their ability to mobilize a mass protest to both wars. Fundraising The group raises funds through membership dues, volunteer fundraising efforts and selling merchandise. What is interesting and highly unique if not commendable about the merchandising it sells, however, is that much of it is produced by members, so the group is actively contributing both through their membership dues AND through their personal experiences to support the organization financially. It is a unique, therapeutic, and self sustaining model and one that creates greater unity for members. It is also a tactic, along with alternative outlets for TV production borrowed from the AIDS movement and The Quilt, which used the same tactics, albeit not always online, although the gay community, in particular, was one of the FIRST niches as a community, to use the internet and art as a way of building community, particularly in response to AIDS and social exclusion, not to mention build a social protest movement over 20 years ago. Tactics Employed & Why Website As Information & Organizing Tool The group uses various tactics including predominant reliance on its website as an information source and organizing tool. Despite the cyber advantage, their tactics mirror many of those used in classic anti war organizing efforts, from Vietnam onwards, with a few other movements mixed in (such as ACT UP). It’s just mostly anti Vietnam war protest gone cyber. However the website also includes valuable information that includes sections for those who would not necessarily know how to find it, or have the education to even know where to look. As a result, it is a valuable information tool for its members alone, not to mention free to anyone who stumbles across the website. Information includes: Supporting War Resisters Publishing the activities and ongoing stories of those who are actively refusing to participate in the policy of stop-loss, or the policy of forcing soldiers to serve repeated tours of duty against their will. Further the group is following each case and actively encouraging its membership to support each active resister by contacting the army base in question to support the resister to the army brass. Providing Information on IRR (Resisting Individual Ready Reserve Recall) Intimidation Tactics The group provides information about DoD’s increasingly aggressive tactics to force people who are no longer required to report for National Guard Duty, how to avoid being penalized or how to get legal guidance and representation online. Resources for Active Duty Service people, National Guard and Reserves The group provides information to active duty service members about what rights they have, posted on their website. Press Aggregator/Social Media Tool The group is actively promoting its message throughout both the traditional media and the blogosphere. The articles it generates are also posted on its website as links to the other sites and these articles serve as both information for readers and as links in a social community as part of an online activist strategy. Active Projects In addition to being a passive information source, the group is actively documenting the experiences of vets both as a healing tool and as an education and outreach effort. These include: Combat Paper: A sort of AIDS Quilt project for veterans, who literally beat their uniforms into paper and make these into art projects, transforming psychological scars and wounds into art as a healing process. Warrior Writer’s Project: A collection of essays that are the culmination of creative workshops (3 already have been held) where vets talk about their experiences in a healing environment and then write these experiences down. One book has already been compiled from such writing. At the second and third exhibits, readings from the first book were combined with photographs from the war. More exhibits are planned and so is a second book. Truth In Recruiting: Small groups are organized where vets talk about the lies the military perpetuates in recruiting and what to expect of active service. Veteran Gulf Reconstruction Project: The group is trying to raise money online to help rebuild the destroyed gulf communities they believe the money going to fight the wars is being diverted from rebuilding and further, vets living in the region. Coalitions: The group is building coalitions online with other natural allies. Listed groups on the website include: Veterans for Peace, Military Families Speak Out, Gold Star Families For Peace, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, Bring Them Home Now! Campaign, National Youth and Student Peace Coalition and United for Peace and Justice. The Blog & Social Media: The group has its own blog on its website and its members are clearly using social media networks as well (including posting video on You Tube and Vimeo for example). Field Events/Individual Speak Outs/Educational Events: The group holds events around the country, organized by the state organizers and often filmed and posted on the website. These range from policy discussions to individual vets’ who’ve served, who talk about their experiences in the field and why they are opposed to the wars. The Winter Soldier Project: By far, the most effective and powerful tool but underutilized for some unknown reason, is a project they have initiated called the Winter Soldier Project. It consists of short films, distributed almost everywhere on the internet, from the actual website of the group, to Vimeo to You Tube. One particularly powerful documentary is linked here. Why these have not gone viral is beyond comprehension, particularly given their powerful testimony, gripping video, and every day people reacting to what they hear in hardly militant circumstances, hardly the â€Å"hippy radical militant† anti war protester stereotype. The Role of the Group as an â€Å"Activist† Organization The activities of the group are clearly activist, as described in the activities above with a clearly defined agenda: to stop the wars and reinvest the money in America to build a more just and peaceful country and world. That is the fundamental definition of an activist organization, and one that uses traditional tools of an anti-war group at that, updated for the cyber age. The fact that they are so conscious and holistic in their approach to both stopping the wars and linking this to social inequity, civil rights and other societal injustices is even further evidence of their rightful appellation as an activist group. A Holistic Approach to Resistance The group is clearly using tried and true tactics as many online organizing groups before it. Unfortunately, in part, probably due to lack of funding, a mostly volunteer organization and a battered population of members, many of whom are on disability themselves, the group is severely limited in the kind of money it can raise and the ability of its members due to complicated disabilities that doctors still don’t know how to treat. Strategic and Tactical Failures Part of the group’s failure is the failure to identify the right demographics or utilize â€Å"cross niche† strategies for viral and social marketing for the powerful information they have to share and have already collected. Clearly they understand that linking to other veterans’ and student organizations is important, and clearly from the videos they produce, they are attracting a multicultural audience across middle America for their presentations, and not turning them off with militant tactics (such as Larry Kramer used or those used during the white student campus protests during Vietnam). That said, the latter two campaigns were highly effective, and achieved their goals, as much as they engendered violent reaction. One issue that is directly responsible for the group’s failure to capture more attention, is that they fall short, just as many before them, including the Obama campaign, of connecting in the way different demographic groups use the technology they have access to – in other words understanding that with the proliferation of G3 cell phones capable of accessing the internet for example, lower class people have access to the internet, but activists who want to reach them, in this case precisely the demographic this group wants to reach, but don’t know how to do so. A theory expanded upon by Lavato when he writes: â€Å"The next step of activism is for grassroots groups to connect online and offline organizing like Obama did, but targeting working-class people†¦. And the first step is for us to learn how our communities use their media and to engage them on their own terms. † This certainly answers the question for example, with a national unemployment rate as high as it is, and again falling predominantly on this demographic, why aren’t these videos, much less membership going through the roof? Even Larry Kramer was able to organize the sick and dying into an effective national organization WITHOUT THE INTERNET. That said, his tactics were very different. Perhaps that might explain why anti war efforts now including this group are so ineffective. Because the population Larry Kramer was fighting for was far more ostracized if not stigmatized than mostly straight young kids fighting for their country. How come these soldiers and vets are so ineffective seven years into two wars when Kramer effectively changed the way the government dealt with a devastating epidemic it otherwise would have ignored in far less time with far less effective tools? The answer lies in that IVAW have all the right instincts, and all the right tools, but they are fundamentally failing to implement them in the right ways. And that comes from a disconnect in strategy and class that is always present in every social movement that is driven from top down, rather than the grassroots. Which seems to be the problem here too. Strategic and Logistical Overhaul The group needs to start targeting states where there are large populations of military bases, and thus vets, and states with horrific social services (i. e. Medicaid), combined with high unemployment rates, like Texas, North Carolina, California, Colorado, etc. as shown on the map below. Figure 2: Map of 3 Month Decline in Economic Activity February – April 2010 The group needs to plot strategy demographically and economically if they are really going to make a difference, just like a political campaign. Cyberspace is a very nice place, but you have to ground it to have an effect. Feet on the ground and votes in ballot boxes are ultimately the most effective weapon in any organizational change â€Å"we can believe in,† to paraphrase a recent presidential candidate who used such techniques far more effectively. Conclusion The group is using tactics borrowed from successful grassroots and cyber online activist organizations such as Move On, (which may be the source of one of its failings) and of course political organizations of all kinds, offline and on including the presidential campaign of Barack Obama, MoveOn, ACT UP to even those used in the early days of anti-Vietnam protests. Why they haven’t connected to OTHER niche groups outside of the traditional ones they are already connected to is rather shocking, particularly given their sophistication in other areas. It also explains why they aren’t meeting their mission. Particularly as Obama has just pushed through the largest military budget in history. America is spending more for war under a Democratic administration, than even Bush, who expanded DoD’s budget to an all time high. The time is ripe for a group like this, with all the tools it has at its disposal, to explode, based on historical precedent and current widespread economic domestic suffering. It is a tragic case of a great idea, with all the right tools and dedicated people, who just don’t know how to execute their strategy and connect it to a larger, mainstream (or cross niche audiences) who will connect with the right message to help them achieve the ends they desire. An end to all wars and a reinvestment of America’s considerable resources in causes that are both domestic and associated with socioeconomic justice in America. Bibliography Cappuccio, S. N. (2006). Mothers of Soldiers and the Iraq War: Justification through Breakfast Shows on ABC, CBS, and NBC. Women and Language, 29(1), 3+. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Cox, M. S. (2006). â€Å"Keep Our Black Warriors out of the Draft†: The Vietnam Antiwar Movement at Southern University, 1968-1973. Educational Foundations, 20(1-2), 123+. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Hayes, C. (2008). MoveOn Ten Years Later. TheHollywoodliberal. com. Retrieved May 12, 2010 Juhasz, A. (1995). AIDS Tv: Identity, Community, and Alternative Video. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Lovato, R. (2008, November/December). Upload Real Change. Colorlines, 11, 16+. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Poitier, B. (2007). Activist Larry Kramer Is Not Nice. Harvard. edu. gazette. com. Retrieved May 12, 2010 Seiler L. & Hamburg D. (2010). Obama’s first year: leading an empire in decline. Greenchange. org. Retrieved May 12, 2010 Wyatt-Morley, C. (1997). AIDS Memoir: Journal of an HIV-Positive Mother. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Zuniga, R. (2002). The Work of Artists in a Databased Society: Net. Art as Online Activism. Afterimage, Vol. 29. Retrieved May 11, 2010

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Market Entry Strategies Essay Example

Market Entry Strategies Essay Example Market Entry Strategies Essay Market Entry Strategies Essay When an organisation has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there are a variety of options open to it. These options vary with cost, risk and the degree of control which can be exercised over them. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting using either a direct or indirect method such as an agent, in the case of the former, or countertrade, in the case of the latter. More complex forms include truly global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones. Having decided on the form of export strategy, decisions have to be made on the specific channels. Many agricultural products of a raw or commodity nature use agents, distributors or involve Government, whereas processed materials, whilst not excluding these, rely more heavily on more sophisticated forms of access. These will be expanded on later. Structure Of The Chapter The chapter begins by looking at the concept of market entry strategies within the control of a chosen marketing mix. It then goes on to describe the different forms of entry strategy, both direct and indirect exporting and foreign production, and the advantages and disadvantages connected with each method. The chapter gives specific details on countertrade, which is very prevalent in global marketing, and then concludes by looking at the special features of commodity trading with its close coupling between production and marketing. A sound market-entry strategy gives an operator greater control over its market introduction and launch expectations, thereby ensuring financial targets are met * A well-founded market-entry strategy minimises the uncertainties faced by new entrants * Analysys Mason has developed a systematic approach to market-entry strategies, allowing us to create well-supported and objective plans that extract maximum value from internal assets and investment, and ultimately increased competitiveness and secured revenue * We have used this approach to: decrease the financial uncertainty that derives from lack of comprehensive market analysis and a structured strategic plan * enable usiness plan collaboration and financial planning * initial business case assumptions need to be revisited to better correspond with market conditions and chosen market position * create launch efficiency by delivering a framework for subsequent planning of tactical launch activities, coordinating and prioritising task s for launch team * enable risk management and market perception control through contingency planning * Launch organisations face immense pressures on market entry, created by internal and external expectations: * some of these pressures can be eased by developing a clear and structured market-entry strategy and effective functional plans Pressures faced by new entrants Internal constraints and expectations Time constraints: rapid deployment is crucial to avoid rise in market share cost and to deliver predicted financial results Resource limitations: * core launch teams are often rapidly assembled, and specialist expansion is done gradually, creating a large resource gap during the implementation phase Financial pressure: * as financial targets and expectations have been set prior to launch, any unpredicted market activity and launch delays will disturb initial customer take-up and revenue generation External constraints and expectations Market data: * in many instances organisations lack in-depth understanding of market drivers or have limited access to market data Competition: competitors will plan pre-emptive, disruptive action to improve their own positions and secure their customer base prior to new entry Analysys Mason’s structured approach to developing an entry strategy begins with a comprehensive analysis of the market, based on market data or tailored research * Our app roach to developing a market-entry strategy follows a proven and structured process, based on extensive industry experience and in-depth understanding of all aspects that feed into a commercial launch * A comprehensive analysis, using market data and tailored market research, allows us to assess all areas affecting the operator’s strategic direction: * market dynamics: detailed consumer and business market segmentation and analysis of market drivers will be undertaken to identify the most valuable target segments and underlying reasons for market growth. Specific target areas are evaluated to provide key inputs: retail structures, financial transactions systems and Internet usage provide input to sales and distribution planning * competitive landscape: extensive competitive profiling in areas such as positioning, brand, target segments, value proposition, market offer, pricing, customer care, sales amp; distribution, coverage, network amp; support systems enable assessment of competitors’ strengths and weaknesses * macro-economic outlook: analysis of relevant macroeconomic data determine market and segment growth * legislation and regulatory framework: description of limitations or possibilities within the current regulatory environment that affect market and segment growth * internal assets/technology: analysis of all internal assets including technology, brand, partnerships will be done to clarify which sustainable competitive advantages the company holds * An internal SWOT highlight areas of valid advantages and disadvantag es, providing input to market entry positioning and value proposition * Identification of strategic risk areas at an early stage enables preparation of mitigating actions prior to market entry * Conclusions from the market analysis together with internal SWOT and identified strategic risk areas form the basis for describing the market opportunity Analysys Mason’s overall market entry strategy statement and market position clearly demonstrates which main directions are necessary to reach market objectives * A description of the company’s vision and mission statements as well as financial objectives form the starting point for the market entry strategy as they set the framework in which a new entrant will function * Short-term objectives, sales targets, market share and brand awareness, will be set against the market opportunity and supplied as input to the business planning team * Analysys Mason will develop an overall market entry strategy statement, clearly demonstrating which main directions are necessary to reach stated objectives * The positioning statement visibly escribes the company’s strategy in relation to competition and the value proposition captures the company’s differentiating advantages and their benefits to potential customers * The brand strategy explains which values are important to communicate in order to enhance the company’s relationship with its customers * Targeted customer segments that need be addressed in order to deliver desired objectives will be specified and prioritised * Strategic directions in all functional areas; products amp; services, pricing, brand amp; communication, sales amp; distribution and customer service further detail the overall entry strategy. Finally, the launch phasing section explores the various viable market entry options, their pro’s, con’s and pre-conditions Detailed tactical launch plans enable efficient and controlled implementation, leading to rapid market introduction * Strategic directions are further detailed into a tactical launch plan, covering all functional areas. This provides the launch team and vendors with necessary specifications for implementation and ensures that all launch activities support the overall market entry strategy * A product amp; service roadmap will be developed by matc hing technical capabilities and benefits with customer needs. The roadmap includes detailed set of individual services or product packages at and post-launch * Pricing launch packages and separate services includes development of complex price modelling and deployment of conjoint research to assist in the choice of, from customer perspective, the most valuable pricing option * Brand and communication plan for market entry includes development of brand wheel (attributes, benefits, values) and full launch campaign planning * The development of a sales and distribution channel plan involves creation of a tailor made sales and commission model, detailing of the company’s sales and distribution channel structure and analysis and recommendation on commission structure and levels * The customer service plan includes high level customer service processes and customer centre dimensioning * Clear contingency planning enables the company to pre-empt the occurrence of situations that affect the planned activities and prepare plans to remedy those, r esulting in shortened reaction time. Both internal and external factors will be analysed * Internal – e. g. technical and organisational issues * External – e. g. competitive market activities and regulatory actions Structured and comprehensive planning and interaction with business planning and technical teams enables coordinated effort, bringing market entry success * The commercial market entry strategy must work in unison with business planning and technical team to ensure a coordinated market entry approach Business planning unit requires market input when developing business plan and budgets * Positioning, price strategy, marketing investment and coverage (in relation to competition) affect potential market size and share * Segment uptake assumptions serve as input to market share calculations * Development and deployment of network and support systems need take commercial requirements into consideration and vice versa * Technical possibilities and limitations are taken into consideration when developing the market entry strategy * Market offer and customer approach produce requirements for support system configuration Market entry strategy and tactical launch plan Business plan and budget Technical roadmap and roll-out plan In addition to market entry strategy development, Analysys Mason can provide complete launch support and coordination of connected business functions Key issues| * The overall project management office (PMO) coordinates the roles of different teams to ensure that the management is fully updated of progress and potential bottlenecks for action * The ind ividual functions can be undertaken by the Analysys Mason consortium or by client entities, with the objective of handing over the running of the business to the client. Approach to overcome challenges * Launch support covers a range of activities that will enable the successful launch of the business in an aggressive timescale * Determining the exact role of different entities needs to be undertaken in an implementation planning phase that will balance the cost of external resources with the speed of launch, based on intensive, short-term external team effortCase study: Fourth entrant market entry strategy and detailed launch planBusiness challenge * Our client had acquired a mobile license for Afghanistan, entering as the fourth operator in an extremely difficult market with regards to economic and social structures, security issues, geographical accessibility and lack of reliable market information. Furthermore, our client did not have a separate Programme Management Office (PMO) to oversee launch implementation, increasing the demand for a clear and structured market entry strategy and subsequent tactical plans Analysys Mason was hired to underta ke development of a market entry strategy and detailed launch plan to steer the launch team and contracted suppliers towards a successful market introduction. In parallel, Analysys Mason developed a long-term business plan and detailed operating model / budget. Approach * Conducted a comprehensive market analysis * Developed a robust market entry strategy * Setting attainable sales objective, in liaison with the business plan * Determining durable positioning and value proposition * Developed detailed tactical plans for each functional area * Recommended segmented market offers for launch and post-launch, having evaluated various options * Build a comprehensive price model and initiated market research to evaluate tariff options * Developed complete sales and distribution channel structure including modelling of commission structure and levels * Created a brand adapted to local market conditions and developed a communication planBenefits and results * Analysys Mason produced a complete market entry strategy and detailed tactical launch plans, allowing our client to formulate a clear and differentiated market position with aligned market offering, pricing, communication, customer service and sales amp; distribution structure. This enabled co mplete stakeholder buy-in and efficient launch plan executionAnalysys Mason has assisted several new entrants worldwide in developing their market entry strategies Project focus| Client type| Key project results| Development of a mobile strategy (including UMTS, CDMA 2000 and WiMAX technologies)| North African alternative fixed and mobile operator| Analysys Mason developed a robust strategy for entering the mobile market by developing alternative service propositions and marketing strategies and analysing different technology options (UMTS, CDMA 2000 and WiMAX), roll-out approaches and handset strategies. Analysys Mason has also developed high level financials for the various options in order to make a detailed recommendation. Our conclusions were accepted by the Board and we were praised for our clear reasoning and innovative approach| Launch support| Asian wireless operator| Analysys Mason worked as part of a wider team to support the launch of a new mobile operator in a developing Asian country. The task consisted of business planning, international connectivity assessment and program management support| Assessment of a mobile entry strategy offering limited mobility services | North African fixed operator| Analysys Mason provided insight into successful market entry strategies employed by late mobile entrants and examined markets and operator performances where spectrum obtained initially or permanently constrained to offer limited mobility services| Development of a mobile business strategy for a new entrant| Western European fixed operator| Analysys Mason worked as part of a wider team which included the clients senior bid team, a technology vendor and other parties. The client recognised that coming late into the market as a 3G operator, and being one of numerous infrastructure-based operators in that country required an innovative approach to the market. Analysys Mason produced a credible bid, financial model as well as a solid mobile business strategy taking into account 3G technology, network planning, local planning and network build issues, the local mobile market, product propositions and channels to market| Development of a strategy for the smaller mobile operator in a market of four operators as part of an acquisition process| Investment bank| Analysys Mason carried out a comprehensive market and technical due diligence, covering all elements of the core business of the operator, including operations, technology, sales and marketing, information technology systems and human resources. Analysys Mason developed a growth strategy for the acquisition target, using the outputs of its due diligence, as well as those from the financial and legal ones. On this basis, Analysys Mason built a business plan and subsequently contributed to the preparation of the bid book| | BASIC ISSUES : An organization wishing to go international faces three major issues: i) Marketing which countries, which segments, how to manage and implement marketing effort, how to enter with intermediaries or directly, with what information? ii) Sourcing whether to obtain products, make or buy? iii) Investment and control joint venture, global partner, acquisition? Decisions in the marketing area focus on the value chain. The strategy or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary value chain activities are performed and integrated. THE VALUE CHAIN s of elements included in the export marketing mix 1. Product support Product sourcing Match existing products to markets air, sea, rail, road, freight New products Product management Product testing Manufacturing specifications Labelling Packaging Production control Market information 2. Price support Establishment of prices Discounts Distribution and maintenance of pricelists Competitive information Training of agents/customers 3. Promotion/selling support Advertising Promotion literature Direct mail Exhibitions, trade shows Printing Selling (direct) Sales force Agents commissions Sale or returns . 4 Inventory support Inventory management Warehousing Distribution Parts supply Credit authorization 5. Distribution support Funds provision Raising of capital Order processing Export preparation and documentation Freight forwarding Insurance Arbitration Merchandising Sales reports, catalogues literature Customer care Budgets Data processing systems Insurance Tax services Legal services Translation 7. Financial support Billing, collecting invoices Hire, rentals Planning, scheduling budget data Auditing Details on the sourcing element have already been covered in the chapter on competitive analysis and strategy. Concerning investment and control, the question really is how far the company wishes to control its own fate. The degree of risk involved, attitudes and the ability to achieve objectives in the target markets are important facets in the decision on whether to license, joint venture or get involved in direct investment. Cunningham1 (1986) identified five strategies used by firms for entry into new foreign markets: i) Technical innovation strategy perceived and demonstrable superior products ii) Product adaptation strategy modifications to existing products iii) Availability and security strategy overcome transport risks by countering perceived risks iv) Low price strategy penetration price and, v) Total adaptation and conformity strategy foreign producer gives a straight copy. In marketing products from less developed countries to developed countries point iii) poses major problems. Buyers in the interested foreign country are usually very careful as they perceive transport, currency, quality and quantity problems. This is true, say, in the export of cotton and other commodities. Because, in most agricultural commodities, production and marketing are interlinked, the infrastructure, information and other resources required for building market entry can be enormous. Sometimes this is way beyond the scope of private organisations, so Government may get involved. It may get involved not just to support a specific commodity, but also to help the public good. Whilst the building of a new road may assist the speedy and expeditious transport of vegetables, for example, and thus aid in their marketing, the road can be put to other uses, in the drive for public good utilities. Moreover, entry strategies are often marked by lumpy investments. Huge investments may have to be undertaken, with the investor paying a high risk price, long before the full utilisation of the investment comes. Good examples of this include the building of port facilities or food processing or freezing facilities. Moreover, the equipment may not be able to be used for other processes, so the asset specific equipment, locked into a specific use, may make the owner very vulnerable to the bargaining power of raw material suppliers and product buyers who process alternative production or trading options. Zimfreeze, Zimbabwe is experiencing such problems. It built a large freezing plant for vegetables but found itself without a contract. It has been forced, at the moment, to accept sub optional volume product materials just in order to keep the plant ticking over. In building a market entry strategy, time is a crucial factor. The building of an intelligence system and creating an image through promotion takes time, effort and money. Brand names do not appear overnight. Large investments in promotion campaigns are needed. Transaction costs also are a critical factor in building up a market entry strategy and can become a high barrier to international trade. Costs include search and bargaining costs. Physical distance, language barriers, logistics costs and risk limit the direct monitoring of trade partners. Enforcement of contracts may be costly and weak legal integration between countries makes things difficult. Also, these factors are important when considering a market entry strategy. In fact these factors may be so costly and risky that Governments, rather than private individuals, often get involved in commodity systems. This can be seen in the case of the Citrus Marketing Board of Israel. With a monopoly export marketing board, the entire system can behave like a single firm, regulating the mix and quality of products going to different markets and negotiating with transporters and buyers. Whilst these Boards can experience economies of scale and absorb many of the risks listed above, they can shield producers from information about, and from. buyers. They can also become the fiefdoms of vested interests and become political in nature. They then result in giving reduced production incentives and cease to be demand or market orientated, which is detrimental to producers. Normal ways of expanding the markets are by expansion of product line, geographical development or both. It is important to note that the more the product line and/or the geographic area is expanded the greater will be the managerial complexity. New market opportunities may be made available by expansion but the risks may outweigh the advantages, in fact it may be better to concentrate on a few geographic areas and do things well. This is typical of the horticultural industry of Kenya and Zimbabwe. Traditionally these have concentrated on European markets where the markets are well known. Ways to concentrate include concentrating on geographic areas, reducing operational variety (more standard products) or making the organisational form more appropriate. In the latter the attempt is made to globalise the offering and the organisation to match it. This is true of organisations like Coca Cola and MacDonalds. Global strategies include country centred strategies (highly decentralised and limited international coordination), local market approaches (the marketing mix developed with the specific local (foreign) market in mind) or the lead market approach (develop a market which will be a best predictor of other markets). Global approaches give economies of scale and the sharing of costs and risks between markets. ENTRY STRATEGIES There are a variety of ways in which organisations can enter foreign markets. The three main ways are by direct or indirect export or production in a foreign country (see figure 7. 2). Exporting Exporting is the most traditional and well established form of operating in foreign markets. Exporting can be defined as the marketing of goods produced in one country into another. Whilst no direct manufacturing is required in an overseas country, significant investments in marketing are required. The tendency may be not to obtain as much detailed marketing information as compared to manufacturing in marketing country; however, this does not negate the need for a detailed marketing strategy. Figure 7. 2 Methods of foreign market entry The advantages of exporting are: ? manufacturing is home based thus, it is less risky than overseas based ? gives an opportunity to learn overseas markets before investing in bricks and mortar ? reduces the potential risks of operating overseas. The disadvantage is mainly that one can be at the mercy of overseas agents and so the lack of control has to be weighed against the advantages. For example, in the exporting of African horticultural products, the agents and Dutch flower auctions are in a position to dictate to producers. A distinction has to be drawn between passive and aggressive exporting. A passive exporter awaits orders or comes across them by chance; an aggressive exporter develops marketing strategies which provide a broad and clear picture of what the firm intends to do in the foreign market. Pavord and Bogart2 (1975) found significant differences with regard to the severity of exporting problems in motivating pressures between seekers and non-seekers of export opportunities. They distinguished between firms whose marketing efforts were characterized by no activity, minor activity and aggressive activity. Those firms who are aggressive have clearly defined plans and strategy, including product, price, promotion, distribution and research elements. Passiveness versus aggressiveness depends on the motivation to export. In countries like Tanzania and Zambia, which have embarked on structural adjustment programmes, organisations are being encouraged to export, motivated by foreign exchange earnings potential, saturated domestic markets, growth and expansion objectives, and the need to repay debts incurred by the borrowings to finance the programmes. The type of export response is dependent on how the pressures are perceived by the decision maker. Piercy (1982)3 highlights the fact that the degree of involvement in foreign operations depends on endogenous versus exogenous motivating factors, that is, whether the motivations were as a result of active or aggressive behaviour based on the firms internal situation (endogenous) or as a result of reactive environmental changes (exogenous). If the firm achieves initial success at exporting quickly all to the good, but the risks of failure in the early stages are high. The learning effect in exporting is usually very quick. The key is to learn how to minimise risks associated with the initial stages of market entry and commitment this process of incremental involvement is called creeping commitment. Figure 7. 3 Aggressive and passive export paths Exporting methods include direct or indirect export. In direct exporting the organisation may use an agent, distributor, or overseas subsidiary, or act via a Government agency. In effect, the Grain Marketing Board in Zimbabwe, being commercialised but still having Government control, is a Government agency. The Government, via the Board, are the only permitted maize exporters. Bodies like the Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA) in Kenya may be merely a promotional body, dealing with advertising, information flows and so on, or it may be active in exporting itself, particularly giving approval (like HCDA does) to all export documents. In direct exporting the major problem is that of market information. The exporters task is to choose a market, find a representative or agent, set up the physical distribution and documentation, promote and price the product. Control, or the lack of it, is a major problem which often results in decisions on pricing, certification and promotion being in the hands of others. Certainly, the phytosanitary requirements in Europe for horticultural produce sourced in Africa are getting very demanding. Similarly, exporters are price takers as produce is sourced also from the Caribbean and Eastern countries. In the months June to September, Europe is on season because it can grow its own produce, so prices are low. As such, producers are better supplying to local food processors. In the European winter prices are much better, but product competition remains. According to Collett4 (1991)) exporting requires a partnership between exporter, importer, government and transport. Without these four coordinating activities the risk of failure is increased. Contracts between buyer and seller are a must. Forwarders and agents can play a vital role in the logistics procedures such as booking air space and arranging documentation. A typical coordinated marketing channel for the export of Kenyan horticultural produce is given in figure 7. 4. In this case the exporters can also be growers and in the low season both these and other exporters may send produce to food processors which is also exported. Figure 7. 4 The export marketing channel for Kenyan horticultural products. Exporting can be very lucrative, especially if it is of high value added produce. For example in 1992/93 Zimbabwe exported 5 338,38 tonnes of flowers, 4 678,18 tonnes of horticultural produce and 12 000 tonnes of citrus at a total value of about US$ 22 016,56 million. In some cases a mixture of direct and indirect exporting may be achieved with mixed results. For example, the Grain Marketing Board of Zimbabwe may export grain directly to Zambia, or may sell it to a relief agency like the United Nations, for feeding the Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Payment arrangements may be different for the two transactions. Nali products of Malawi gives an interesting example of a passive to active exporting mode. CASE 7. 1 Nali Producers Malawi Nali group, has, since the early 1970s, been engaged in the growing and exporting of spices. Spices are also used in the production of a variety of sauces for both the local and export market. Its major success has been the growing and exporting of Birdseye chilies. In the early days knowledge of the market was scanty and thus the company was obtaining ridiculously low prices. Towards the end of 1978 Nali chilies were in great demand, yet still the company, in its passive mode, did not fully appreciate the competitive implications of the business until a number of firms, including Lonrho and Press Farming, started to grow and export. Again, due to the lack of information, a product of its passivity, the firm did not realise that Uganda, with their superior product, and Papua New Guinea were major exporters, However, the full potential of these countries was hampered by internal difficulties. Nali was able to grow into a successful commercial enterprise. However, with the end of the internal problems, Uganda in particular, began an aggressive exporting policy, using their overseas legations as commercial propagandists. Nali had to respond with a more formal and active marketing operation. However it is being now hampered by a number of important exogenous factors. The entry of a number of new Malawian growers, with inferior products, has damaged the Malawian chili reputation, so has the lack of a clear Government policy and the lack of financing for traders, growers and exporters. The latter only serves to emphasise the point made by Collett, not only do organisations need to be aggressive, they also need to enlist the support of Government and importers. It is interesting to note that Korey (1986) warns that direct modes of market entry may be less and less available in the future. Growing trading blocs like the EU or EFTA means that the establishing of subsidiaries may be one of the only means forward in future. It is interesting to note that Korey5 1986 warned that direct modes of market entry may be less and less available in the future. Growing trading blocks like the EU or EFTA means that the establishment of subsidiaries may be one of the only ways forward in future. Indirect methods of exporting include the use of trading companies (ve ry much used for commodities like cotton, soya, cocoa), export management companies, piggybacking and countertrade. Indirect methods offer a number of advantages including: ? Contracts in the operating market or worldwide ? Commission sates give high motivation (not necessarily loyalty) ? Manufacturer/exporter needs little expertise ? Credit acceptance takes burden from manufacturer. Piggybacking Piggybacking is an interesting development. The method means that organisations with little exporting skill may use the services of one that has. Another form is the consolidation of orders by a number of companies in order to take advantage of bulk buying. Normally these would be geographically adjacent or able to be served, say, on an air route. The fertilizer manufacturers of Zimbabwe, for example, could piggyback with the South Africans who both import potassium from outside their respective countries. Countertrade By far the largest indirect method of exporting is countertrade. Competitive intensity means more and more investment in marketing. In this situation the organisation may expand operations by operating in markets where competition is less intense but currency based exchange is not possible. Also, countries may wish to trade in spite of the degree of competition, but currency again is a problem. Countertrade can also be used to stimulate home industries or where raw materials are in short supply. It can, also, give a basis for reciprocal trade. Estimates vary, but countertrade accounts for about 20-30% of world trade, involving some 90 nations and between US $100-150 billion in value. The UN defines countertrade as commercial transactions in which provisions are made, in one of a series of related contracts, for payment by deliveries of goods and/or services in addition to, or in place of, financial settlement. Countertrade is the modem form of barter, except contracts are not legal and it is not covered by GATT. It can be used to circumvent import quotas. Countertrade can take many forms. Basically two separate contracts are involved, one for the delivery of and payment for the goods supplied and the other for the purchase of and payment for the goods imported. The performance of one contract is not contingent on the other although the seller is in effect accepting products and services from the importing country in partial or total settlement for his exports. There is a broad agreement that countertrade can take various forms of exchange like barter, counter purchase, switch trading and compensation (buyback). For example, in 1986 Albania began offering items like spring water, tomato juice and chrome ore in exchange for a contract to build a US $60 million fertilizer and methanol complex. Information on potential exchange can be obtained from embassies, trade missions or the EU trading desks. Barter is the direct exchange of one good for another, although valuation of respective commodities is difficult, so a currency is used to underpin the items value. Barter trade can take a number of formats. Simple barter is the least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetarised trade. Often it is called straight, classical or pure barter. Barter is a direct exchange of goods and services between two parties. Shadow prices are approximated for products flowing in either direction. Generally no middlemen are involved. Usually contracts for no more than one year are concluded, however, if for longer life spans, provisions are included to handle exchange ratio fluctuations when world prices change. Closed end barter deals are modifications of straight barter in that a buyer is found for goods taken in barter before the contract is signed by the two trading parties. No money is involved and risks related to product quality are significantly reduced. Clearing account barter, also termed clearing agreements, clearing arrangements, bilateral clearing accounts or simply bilateral clearing, is where the principle is for the trades to balance without either party having to acquire hard currency. In this form of barter, each party agrees in a single contract to purchase a specified and usually equal value of goods and services. The duration of these transactions is commonly one year, although occasionally they may extend over a longer time period. The contracts value is expressed in non-convertible, clearing account units (also termed clearing dollars) that effectively represent a line of credit in the central bank of the country with no money involved. Clearing account units are universally accepted for the accounting of trade between countries and parties whose commercial relationships are based on bilateral agreements. The contract sets forth the goods to be exchanged, the rates of exchange, and the length of time for completing the transaction. Limited export or import surpluses may be accumulated by either party for short periods. Generally, after one years time, imbalances are settled by one of the following approaches: credit against the following year, acceptance of unwanted goods, payment of a previously specified penalty or payment of the difference in hard currency. Trading specialists have also initiated the practice of buying clearing dollars at a discount for the purpose of using them to purchase saleable products. In turn, the trader may forfeit a portion of the discount to sell these products for hard currency on the international market. Compared with simple barter, clearing accounts offer greater flexibility in the length of time for drawdown on the lines of credit and the types of products exchanged. Counter purchase, or buyback, is where the customer agrees to buy goods on condition that the seller buys some of the customers own products in return (compensatory products). Alternatively, if exchange is being organised at national government level then the seller agrees to purchase compensatory goods from an unrelated organisation up to a pre-specified value (offset deal). The difference between the two is that contractual obligations related to counter purchase can extend over a longer period of time and the contract requires each party to the deal to settle most or all of their account with currency or trade credits to an agreed currency value. Where the seller has no need for the item bought he may sell the produce on, usually at a discounted price, to a third party. This is called a switch deal. In the past a number of tractors have been brought into Zimbabwe from East European countries by switch deals. Compensation (buy-backs) is where the supplier agrees to take the output of the facility over a specified period of time or to a specified volume as payment. For example, an overseas company may agree to build a plant in Zambia, and output over an agreed period of time or agreed volume of produce is exported to the builder until the period has elapsed. The plant then becomes the property of Zambia. Khoury6 (1984) categorises countertrade as follows (see figure 7. 5): One problem is the marketability of products received in countertrade. This problem can be reduced by the use of specialised trading companies which, for a fee ranging between 1 and 5% of the value of the transaction, will provide trade related services like transportation, marketing, financing, credit extension, etc. These are ever growing in size. COUNTERTRADE HAS DISADVANTAGES: ? Not covered by GATT so dumping may occur ? Quality is not of international standard so costly to the customer and trader ? Variety is tow so marketing of wkat is limited ? Difficult to set prices and service quality ? Inconsistency of delivery and specification, ? Difficult to revert to currency trading so quality may decline further and therefore product is harder to market. Figure 7. 5 Classification of countertrade Shipley and Neale7 (1988) therefore suggest the following: Ensure the benefits outweigh the disadvantages ? Try to minimise the ratio of compensation goods to cash if possible inspect the goods for specifications ? Include all transactions and other costs inv olved in countertrade in the nominal value specified for the goods being sold ? Avoid the possibility of error of exploitation by first gaining a thorough understanding of the customers buying systems, regulations and politics, ? Ensure that any compensation goods received as payment are not subject to import controls. Despite these problems countertrade is likely to grow as a major indirect entry method, especially in developing countries. Foreign production Besides exporting, other market entry strategies include licensing, joint ventures, contract manufacture, ownership and participation in export processing zones or free trade zones. Licensing: Licensing is defined as the method of foreign operation whereby a firm in one country agrees to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark, know-how or some other skill provided by the licensor. It is quite similar to the franchise operation. Coca Cola is an excellent example of licensing. In Zimbabwe, United Bottlers have the licence to make Coke. Licensing involves little expense and involvement. The only cost is signing the agreement and policing its implementation. Licensing gives the following advantages: Good way to start in foreign operations and open the door to low risk manufacturing relationships ? Linkage of parent and receiving partner interests means both get most out of marketing effort ? Capital not tied up in foreign operation and ? Optio ns to buy into partner exist or provision to take royalties in stock. The disadvantages are: ? Limited form of participation to length of agreement, specific product, process or trademark ? Potential returns from marketing and manufacturing may be lost ? Partner develops know-how and so licence is short ? Licensees become competitors overcome by having cross technology transfer deals and ? Requires considerable fact finding, planning, investigation and interpretation. Those who decide to license ought to keep the options open for extending market participation. This can be done through joint ventures with the licensee. Joint ventures Joint ventures can be defined as an enterprise in which two or more investors share ownership and control over property rights and operation. Joint ventures are a more extensive form of participation than either exporting or licensing. In Zimbabwe, Olivine industries has a joint venture agreement with HJ Heinz in food processing. Joint ventures give the following advantages: ? Sharing of risk and ability to combine the local in-depth knowledge with a foreign partner with know-how in technology or process ? Joint financial strength ? May be only means of entry and May be the source of supply for a third country. They also have disadvantages: ? Partners do not have full control of management ? May be impossible to recover capital if need be ? Disagreement on third party markets to serve and ? Partners may have different views on expected benefits. If the partners carefully map out in advance what they expect to achieve and how, then many problems can be overcome. Ownership: The most extensive form of participation is 100% ownership and this involves the greatest commitment in capital and managerial effort. The ability to communicate and control 100% may outweigh any of the disadvantages of joint ventures and licensing. However, as mentioned earlier, repatriation of earnings and capital has to be carefully monitored. The more unstable the environment the less likely is the ownership pathway an option. These forms of participation: exporting, licensing, joint ventures or ownership, are on a continuum rather than discrete and can take many formats. Anderson and Coughlan8 (1987) summarise the entry mode as a choice between company owned or controlled methods integrated channels or independent channels. Integrated channels offer the advantages of planning and control of resources, flow of information, and faster market penetration, and are a visible sign of commitment. The disadvantages are that they incur many costs (especially marketing), the risks are high, some may be more effective than others (due to culture) and in some cases their credibility amongst locals may be lower than that of controlled independents. Independent channels offer lower performance costs, risks, less capital, high local knowledge and credibility. Disadvantages include less market information flow, greater coordinating and control difficulties and motivational difficulties. In addition they may not be willing to spend money on market development and selection of good intermediaries may be difficult as good ones are usually taken up anyway. Once in a market, companies have to decide on a strategy for expansion. One may be to concentrate on a few segments in a few countries typical are cashewnuts from Tanzania and horticultural exports from Zimbabwe and Kenya or concentrate on one country and diversify into segments. Other activities include country and market segment concentration typical of Coca Cola or Gerber baby foods, and finally country and segment diversification. Another way of looking at it is by identifying three basic business strategies: stage one international, stage two multinational (strategies correspond to ethnocentric and polycentric orientations respectively) and stage three global strategy (corresponds with geocentric orientation). The basic philosophy behind stage one is extension of programmes and products, behind stage two is decentralisation as far as possible to local operators and behind stage three is an integration which seeks to synthesize inputs from world and regional headquarters and the country organisation. Whilst most developing countries are hardly in stage one, they have within them organisations which are in stage three. This has often led to a rebellion against the operations of multinationals, often unfounded. Export processing zones (EPZ) Whilst not strictly speaking an entry-strategy, EPZs serve as an entry into a market. They are primarily an investment incentive for would be investors but can also provide employment for the host country and the transfer of skills as well as provide a base for the flow of goods in and out of the country. One of the best examples is the Mauritian EPZ12, founded in the 1970s. CASE 7. 2 The Mauritian Export Processing Zone Since its inception over 400 firms have established themselves in sectors as diverse as textiles, food, watches. And plastics. In job employment the results have been startling, as at 1987, 78,000 were employed in the EPZ. Export earnings have tripled from 1981 to 1986 and the added value has been significant- The roots of success can be seen on the supply, demand and institutional sides. On the supply side the most critical factor has been the generous financial and other incentives, on the demand side, access to the EU, France, India and Hong Kong was very tempting to investors. On the institutional side positive schemes were put in place, including finance from the Development Bank and the cutting of red tape. In setting up the export processing zone the Mauritian government displayed a number of characteristics which in hindsight, were crucial to its success. ? The government intelligently sought a development strategy in an apolitical manner ? It stuck to its strategy in the long run rather than reverse course at the first sign of trouble ? It encouraged market incentives rather than undermined them ? It showed a good deal of adaptability, meeting each challenge with creative solutions rather than maintaining the status quo ? It adjusted the general export promotion programme to suit its own particular needs and characteristics. ? It consciously guarded against the creation of an unwieldy bureaucratic structure. | Organisations are faced with a number of strategy alternatives when deciding to enter foreign markets. Each one has to be carefully weighed in order to make the most appropriate choice. Every approach requires careful attention to marketing, risk, matters of control and management. A systematic assessment of the different entry methods can be achieved through the use of a matrix (see table 7. 2). Table 7. 2 Matrix for comparing alternative methods of market entry Entry mode| Evaluation criteria| Indirect export| Direct export| Marketing subsidiary| Counter trade| Licensing| Joint venture| Wholly owned operation| EPZ| a) Company goals| | | | | | | | | b) Size of company| | | | | | | | | c) Resources| | | | | | | | | d) Product| | | | | | | | | e) Remittance| | | | | | | | | f) Competition| | | | | | | | | g) Middlemen characteristics| | | | | | | | | h) Environmental characteristics| | | | | | | | | i) Number of markets| | | | | | | | | j) Market| | | | | | | | | k) Market feedback| | | | | | | | | l) International market learning| | | | | | | | | m) Control| | | | | | | | | n) Marketing costs| | | | | | | | | o) Profits| | | | | | | | | p) Investment| | | | | | | | | q) Administration personnel| | | | | | | | | ) Foreign problems| | | | | | | | | s) Flexibility| | | | | | | | | t) Risk| | | | | | | | | Details of channel management will appear in a later chapter. Special features of commodity trade As has been pointed out time and again in this text, the international marketing of agricultural products is a close coupled affair between production and marketing and end user. Certain characteristics can be identified in market entry strategies which are different from the marketing of say cars or television sets. These refer specifically to the institutional arrangements linking producers and processors/exporters and those between exporters and foreign buyers/agents. Institutional links between producers and processors/exporters One of the most important factors is contract coordination. Whilst many of the details vary, most contracts contain the supply of credit/production inputs, specifications regarding quantity, quality and timing of producer deliveries and a formula or price mechanism. Such arrangements have improved the flow of money, information and technologies, and very importantly, shared the risk between producers and exporters. Most arrangements include some form of vertical integration between producers and downstream activities. Often processors enter into contracted outgrower arrangements or supply raw inputs. This institutional arrangement has now, incidentally, spilled over into the domestic market where firms are wishing to target higher quality, higher priced segments. Producer trade associations, boards or cooperatives have played a significant part in the entry strategies of many exporting countries. They act as a contact point between suppliers and buyers, obtain vital market information, liaise with Governments over quotas etc. and provide information, or even get involved in quality standards. Some are very active, witness the Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA) of Kenya and the Citrus Marketing Board (CMD) of Israel, the latter being a Government agency which specifically got involved in supply quotas. An example of the institutional arrangements13 involved is given in table 7. 3. Table 7. 3 Institutional arrangements linking producers with processors/exporters Commodity| Market co-ordination| Contract co-ordination| Ownership interaction| Association co-ordination| Government co-ordination| Marketing risk reduction| Kenya vegetables| X| X| X| | | X| Zimbabwe horticulture| X| | | X| X| X| Israel fresh fruits| | | | | | | Thailand tuna| | XX| | X| X| X| Argentina beef| | X| | X| | X| XX = Dominant linkage Institutional links between exporters and foreign buyers/agents Linkages between exporters and foreign buyers are often dominated by open market trade or spot market sales or sales on consignment. The physical distances involved are also very significant. Most contracts are of a seasonal, annual or other nature. Some products are handled by multinationals, others by formal integration by processors, building up import/distribution firms. In the case of Kenyan fresh vegetables familial ties are very important between exporters and importers. These linkages have been very important in maintaining market excess, penetrating expanding markets and in obtaining market and product change information, thus reducing considerably the risks of doing business. In some cases, Government gets involved in negotiating deals with foreign countries, either through trade agreements or other mechanisms. Zimbabwes imports of Namibian mackerel were the result of such a Government negotiated deal. Table 7. 413 gives examples of linkages between exporters and foreign buyers/agents. Table 7. 4 Linkages between exporters and foreign buyers/agents. Commodity| Market co-ordination| Contract co-ordination| Ownership interaction| Association co-ordination| Government co-ordination| Marketing risk reduction| Kenya vegetables| X| X| X| | | X| Zimbabwe horticulture| | X| | X| X| X| Israel fresh fruits| X| X| | | | X| Thailand tuna| X| XX| XX| X| | X| Argentina beef| XX| X| XX| X| X| X| XX = Dominant linkage Once again, it can not be over-emphasized that the smooth flow between producers, marketers and end users is essential. However it must also be noted that unless strong relationships or contracts are built up and product qualities maintained, the smooth flow can be interrupted should a more competitive supplier enter the market. This also can occur by Government decree, or by the erection of non-tariff barriers to trade. By improving strict hygiene standards a marketing chain can be broken, however strong the link, by say, Government. This, however, should not occur, if the link involves the close monitoring and action by the various players in the system, who are aware, through market intelligence, of any possible changes. Chapter Summary Having done all the preparatory planning work (no mean task in itself! , the prospective global marketer has then to decide on a market entry strategy and a marketing mix. These are two main ways of foreign market entryeither by entering from a home market base, via direct or indirect exporting, or by foreign based production. Within these two possibilities, markete rs can adopt an aggressive or passive export path. Entry from the home base (direct) includes the use of agents, distributors, Government and overseas subsidiaries and (indirect) includes the use of trading companies, export management companies, piggybacking or countertrade. Entry from a foreign base includes licensing, joint ventures, contract manufacture, ownership and export processing zones. Each method has its peculiar advantages and disadvantages which the marketer must carefully consider before making a choice. Key Terms Aggressive exporter| Exporting| Licensing| Barter| Export processing zones| Market entry| Countertrade| Joint ventures| Passive exporter| Review Questions 1. Review the general problems encountered when building market entry strategies for agricultural commodities. Give examples. 2. Describe briefly the different methods of foreign market entry. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of barter, countertrade, licensing, joint venture and export processing zones as market entry strategies? Review Question Answers 1. General problems: ) Interlinking of production and marketing means private investment alone may not be possible, so Government intervention may be needed also e. g. to build infrastructure e. g. Israeli fresh fruit. ii) Licensing Definition: Method of foreign operation whereby a firm in one country agrees to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark, knowhow or some other skill by the licensor. ii) Lumpy investment building capacity long before it may be currently utilised e. g. port facilities Advantages: ? entry point with risk reduction, ? benefits to both parties, ? capital not tied up, ? opportunities to buy into partner or royalties on the stock. iii) Time processing, transport and storage so credit is needed e. g. Argentina beef. v) Transaction costs logistics, market information, regulatory enforcement. Disadvantages: ? limited form or participation, ? potential returns from marketing and manufacturing may be lost, ? partner develops knowhow and so license is short, ? partner becomes competitor, ? requires a lot of planning beforehand. v) Risk business, non-business iv) Joint ventures Definition: An enterprise in which two or more investors share ownership and control over property rights and operation. vi) Building of relationships and infrastructural developments correct formats 2. Different methods These are either direct, indirect or foreign based. Advantages: ? sharing of risk and knowhow, ? may be only means of entry, may be source of supply for third country. Direct Agent, distributor, Government, overseas subsidiary Disadvantages: ? partners do not have full control or management, ? may be impossible to recover capital, ? disagreement between purchasers or third party served markets, ? partners hav e different views on exported benefits. Indirect Trading company, export management company, piggyback, countertrade v) Export processing zones Definition: A zone within a country, exempt from tax and duties, for the processing or reprocessing of goods for export Foreign Licensing, joint venture, contract manufacture, ownership, export processing zone. Students should give a definition and expand on each of these methods. Advantages: ? host country obtains knowhow, ? capital, technology, employment opportunities; ? foreign exchange earnings; ? reputation, internationalisation. 3i) Barter- Definition: Direct exchange of one good for another. (may be straight or closed or clearing account method) Disadvantages: ? short term investments, ? capital movements, ? employment movements, ? transaction costs and benefits, ? not part of economy so alienisation, ? labour laws may be different, ? bureaucracy creation. Advantages: ? simple to administer, ? no currency, ? commodity based valuation or currency based valuation. Disadvantages: risk of non delivery, ? poor quality, ? technological obsolescence, ? unfulfilled quantities, ? risk of commodity price rise thus losing out on an increased valuation, ? depressed valuation, ? marketability of products. ii) Countertrade – Definition: Customer agrees to buy goods on condition that the se ller buys some of the customers own products in return (may be time, method of financing, balance of compensation or pertinence of compensating product based) Advantages: ? method of obtaining sales by seller and getting a slice of the order, ? method of breaking into a closed market. Disadvantages: ? not covered by GATT, ? so dumping may occur,