Unemployment in Columbia

Its infamy impacts tourism and trade, despite Colombia being the second largest producer of coffee in the world. The unemployment, especially among the youth, acts like fuel to the fire with regards to Colombians economic uncertainty. The country Itself does have the potential to have a stable economy and at least the minimum acceptable level of public welfare. It will be Interest to analyze why the country Is embroiled In warfare Instead of welfare, which Is why I have chosen It to be the topic of my research. 2. Relationships between selected economic concern and country?Economy/other variables (40 points): According to the US Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) World Fact Book, Colombia had a total work force of about 21. 27 million (2010 estimates). For a country whose population stood at 44,725,543 (2011 CIA estimates this figure is abysmal. The unemployment rate is at 11. 8% (2010 estimates). It is also important to note that nearly half of the country population (45. 5% â€⠀œ 2010 estimates) lives below the poverty line. According to a SEPAL (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) 1 7% of these are homeless.It Is obvious that when a errors remains unemployed for a long time, he or she cannot provide the bare necessities of life for their families. However, the high level of poverty In Colombia Is not just attributed to unemployment alone but to the quality of work that those who are employed have. Nearly 32% of those who state themselves to be employed do not have a formal work contract or access to a healthcare system while 48% hold informal jobs such as street vendors and garbage recyclers (SEPAL). So not only is the population of Colombia plagued with unemployment but those who are employed ark in very low paying jobs.When a person is unable to support his or her family by legal means, they find themselves to be helpless and turn towards illegal trades to earn a living. This applies especially to the youth, who find themselves without an education, without a job and without a bright future prospect. They tend to get Involved in the local drug mafia In one way or the other. Those who are considered Incapable of violence or physical brutality, find work on cocaine farms while the others get Involved In more dangerous aspects of the trade.This draining of possible working populace towards an Illegal sector Tanat Is causing more nary than good to ten overall progress AT ten nature takes its toll on the economy. High unemployment has also led to an increase in the economic class divide among the population. The upper class, which accounts for 20% of the population, accounts for about 75% to 80% of the Gross National Product (GNP). The rest of the 20% GNP is shared between the remaining 80% of the population. Being far richer than the masses, the elite class has access to education, healthcare and security.

Unit four: Principles of supporting change in a business environment Essay

Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 3 pages and is made up of 3 Sections. Name: Andrea Ecsegi Section 1: Why change happens This section will help you to evidence Learning Outcome 1: Understand why change happens in a business environment. Learning objective Place in Assessment 1.1 Explain reasons for change in a business environment Question 1 Page 1 1. Explain why change happens in a business environment. You should include at least three reasons in your answer. [1.1] Change in business environment are become very important, without it they can’t keep up with the demands of the customers/clients as their needs, expectations and requirements are changing frequently and quickly. Consequences of not making any changes can cause loss of customers, business failure or in some cases even breaking the law. We can speak about two  different kind of changes: reactive and proactive changes. The reactive changes are responding to external influences. PEST contains the four main factors of these: political, economical, social and technological. Proactive changes are made as a result of internal demands by a desire to make the business more effective. Some of the reasons can be to lower waste and costs, launch a new product or upgrade IT equipment. Section 2: Supporting change This section will help you to evidence Learning Outcome 2: Understand the purpose of supporting change in a business environment. Learning objective Place in Assessment 2.1 Identify reasons for reviewing working methods, products or services Question 1 Page 2 2.2 Describe types of support that people may need during change Question 2a Page 2 2.3 Explain the benefits of working with others during change Question 2b Page 2 1. Identify the main reasons for reviewing working methods, products and / or services in a business environment. [2.1] In the business environment everything is always changing therefore it is really important to review working methods, products and/or services from time to time. An organisation may want to review its products/services to make sure it still meets with the customers’ requirements and expectations thus they can stay competitive, efficient and productive. Reviewing the working methods can be really useful if the business is not happy with its performance or just simply want to improve and develop. 2. When a business is going through change: a) Describe the different types of support that people may need. [2.2] Some of the people can find changes hard to accept, they can become stressed. These type of people need extra support and help to get use to the new changes. The most common types of support includes: Effective planning: helps to avoid confusion and confrontation. Participation: sometimes staff have opportunity to take part in changes therefore they can feel more comfortable with it. Clear communication, explanations and expectations: gives clarity to employees about the changes will occur, how this will affect their job and why this have to be made. Encouragement: the manager’s behaviour can help to the staff to adapt the changes more easily, they need to be friendly and helpful. Training or retraining: changes in work methods, products and/or services can require training or retraining to get the skills employees might need to keep up with changes and stay effective. Counselling or coaching: support from trained professionals who have experience of helping people to adopt changes. b) Explain the benefits of working with others. [2.3] For employees it can be difficult to accept changes, they might get anxious and stressed. If people are working together they can help each other, talk about problems, share their experience and support each other. Section 3: Responding to change This section will help you to evidence Learning Outcome 3: Understand how to respond to change in a business environment. Learning objective Place in Assessment 3.1 Explain the purpose of responding positively to changes in working methods, products or services Question 1a Page 3 Question 1b Page 3 3.2 Identify ways of responding positively to change Question 1c Page 3 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with): a) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in working methods. [3.1] Changes in working methods are usually happening to improve and speed up the working process. A positive can-do attitude will result good relationships with others and helps to learn faster and easier. If I resist and don’t accept the new way I should do my job this will generate conflicts and will bring stress to my workplace, others may have to do my work again because it’s not appropriate and also I might slow down the workflow what can result serious problems in the restaurant regarding to customers as well. b) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in products or services. [3.1] Customers’ requirements are always changing and we always have to give the best service/products – we have to make sure these are suitable and efficient – thus changes occur often. If I don’t adopt the change what have been made to serve customers better they might not meet with their needs and will leave the restaurant to find another better place. It is very important to keep up with customers’ demands and market innovations in a restaurant as you can find loads of them especially in central London. c) Identify ways of responding positively to change. [3.2] Employers are looking for people who are willing to change, happy to improve their skills. If I resist and I’m not willing to keep up with improvements I can lose my job as a result people don’t want to work with a passive employee. The most important ways how to respond to changes: Willingness to learn: understand that to learn new skills will serve us on our carrier. Willingness to teach: sharing the information and skills with others will help them to adopt changes. Willingness to solve problems: these  kind of people are looking for solutions and not waiting for others. Employers prefer to employ these type of people. Maintaining a positive outlook: have a happy and can-do attitude. Enjoying the chance to change and adapt: looking at changes as something good and beneficial Once you have completed all 3 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Assess individual in health care Essay

Compare and contrast the range and purpose of different forms of assessment. Prior to moving into an organisation all individuals are assessed as are the care providers to ensure that placements can meet and preferences of the individuals. The organisation conducts independent assessments by a qualified key member of the team to assess the needs and preferences of the individual to ensure that the organisation have the facilities and resources to cater for them. The key areas for assessments for needs and preferences would be: Emotional Physical Social Leisure Key professionals then hold a Care Planning Assessment (CPA) meeting along the individual to discuss the outcomes of assessments. Active support is provided holistically within a role package for all individuals for all aspects of living. This is implemented through means of care plans and structured weekly planners. Before an individual is identified as needing specialist care and support, they must undergo a series of assessments. These assessments may not diagnose a learning disability, but they do decide whether the individual will receive social care. This explains the types of assessment an individual may undergo, including: – Official process or corporate screening procedures – Clinical assessments – Behavioural assessments – Holistic assessments – Person Centred Planning (PCP) – Comprehensive assessments and care plans A range of assessments can take place in the social care field where the differing assessment processes include: comprehensive assessment community care assessment multidisciplinary assessment needs assessment social functioning assessment psychiatric assessment risk assessment performance assessment health and safety assessment behavioural assessment Intellectual assessment. Any individuals moving in a care home need to be assessed which is call a pre-admission assessment. This assessment is held by a qualified member of a staff or the home manager. The organisation will take into consideration the activity of the daily living, the past medical history, social and personal background, a formal/informal assessment and a visual assessment is carried out. The pre admission assessment of individuals should involve: Name of the individuals, date of birth, marital status and address Next of Kin, relationships, family and friends involvement contact details and address GP name and address, Social worker name Cultural needs, religion/relevant policies, social background Past medical history, provisional diagnosis Equipment required prior to admission(walking aid, cot sides, specialised bed, pressure relieving equipment) The activity of the daily living: Maintaining a safe environment Communication Breathing Nutrition Elimination Hygiene Mobility Sleeping Pressure care Medication Physical capabilities Mental well being Knowledge & understanding of condition Dying 1.2 Explain how partnership work can positively support assessment processes Working in partnership with GP, Families, friends and other care professionals (social worker /advocate) give a better understanding of what care the individuals needs and if these needs are met. Having gained a lot of information about the individual the organisation will be able to build a better picture of the service user. This will highlight the principles which determine good practice including: – Choice – Rights – Respect and dignity – Individuality – Privacy – Confidentiality – Emotional needs (and empathy) – Independence – Valuing people The purpose of assessment is to describe and evaluate an individual’s presented needs and how he is to be supported to live a full and independent life. The impact of a person’s needs on his or her independence daily functioning and quality of life is evaluated, so that appropriate action can be planned. Assessment involves both the person with needs and professionals explanations how different needs interact. Working in partnership with other professional bodies ensures service users using services are benefited. However basic personal and holistic information is gathered from family, friends or people whom the service user was known to and previous life activities/background. This information helps to carry out assessment and build up care plan in such a way, and be sufficiently transparent, for individuals to: Gain better understand of their situation Identify the option that are available for managing their own lives Identify the outcomes required from any help that is provided Understand the basis on which decisions are reached  Appropriate service provision can then be planned both in the immediate and the long term to promote or preserve independence. One key principle is that the person’s views and wishes shape the assessment process. Individual is helped to prepare their contribution to the assessment and having the right information. Support and advocacy arrangements available will facilitate this. Assessment should be responsive to people’s changing circumstances of independence over time. Therefore an effective assessment of individual is crucial when appropriate of family members; carers and other care professionals are involved. Implementation assessment process by health and social care agencies will promote better care services and better outcomes for service users and more effective use of professional resources. Basic information will be checked and validated by the agreement of the service users to confirm that is up to date and accurate. Assessment builds a rounded picture of the service user’s needs and circumstances including not only health social care issues but also relevant : Housing Benefits Transport & other issues.  It is essential that the organization work in partnership with all of the people surrounding the individuals in order to ensure the best possible support and care is provided. This will include carers, families, advocates and other people. In order to work well in partnership, there has to be good communication and the organization will need to have good communication skills. Learning from others and working in partnership is important. It will help to understand the aims and objectives of different people and partner organization as they may have different views, attitudes and approaches. The organization will work together sharing relevant information with each other to ensure the individual receives the best support and care possible. These include: Doctors Other health professionals Nurses Social workers Advocates Physiotherapists Occupational therapists Welfare benefit advisors Personal financial advisors It is essential that everyone’s focus is on providing the best care and support to individuals for example:- Supporting the individual to achieve their goals and be as independent as possible. Respecting and maintaining the dignity and privacy of individuals Promoting equal opportunities and respecting diversity and different cultures and values Reporting dangerous abusive, discriminatory or exploitative behaviour or practice. Communicating in an appropriate, open, accurate and straight forward way Sharing knowledge and respecting views of others to achieve positive outcomes for individuals. 2.1 Initiate early assessment of the individual An early assessment of the individual is done on pre admission to the care organisation. The assessment of the service user needs and abilities is taken into consideration as person centred. As a manager I currently looked at:- Hearing/Sight/Speech – any impairment, aids severe/complete loss Comprehension – Clear understanding or any support needs Ability to make choices – Identify how the service user wants to append the day and agree â€Å"daily life† plan. Orientation – know where they are and review the service user safety and security Memory- need to assess capacity Well being – any anxiety, agitated /restlessness Mobility and Walking, Moving – complete moving and handling assessment sheet immediately on admission. Any risk identified include in care plan Potential to fall – Complete falls risk assessment immediately on admission. Dexterity – use of hands well and effectively. Oral care – How he/she clean teeth/ can he/she deal with their dentures Washing, dressing and foot care – identify preferred toiletries/ hairdresser/barber Re: hairdressing requirements or make observations on foot care ask if any problem. May consider visual assessment Skin condition – complete pressure sore risk assessment within 4 hours of admission. Any risk identified care plans required. Categorise pressure ulcers. Use body  map and wound assessment form. Photograph skin with consent and make a referral for specialist advice. Sleeping – Ask service user if sleep well or experiencing difficulty with sleeping, need night sedation or any warm drinks or reassurance. Medication – risk assessment and care plan required. Observe effect of medication and record outcomes. Arrange six monthly reviews with GP (as a minimum). If medication given covertly check capacity following the capacity assessment and arrange multi disciplinary assessment. Financia l choice/arrangements – check capacity Personal perspective – religious beliefs, cultural interests, education requirements and family involvement. Name of advocate, relationship and contact number. Nutritional risk – check level of nutritional risk using the MUST risk assessment tool. Complete MUST nutritional risk assessment within 24 hours. Any risk/problems identified: food diary and care plan required. Inform chef, consult dietician as required. Food and Preferences – Record any allergies or diets. Assistance in choosing meals, specific dietary requirements as a result of an allergy, medical condition or religious belief Drinking and eating abilities – eat & drink independently, guidance, prompting or help in cutting food/ need to be fed. Consider use of a fluid balance chart. Swallowing – Any swallowing difficulties, require soft diet, a liquidised diet/or thickened fluids; be at risk of choking or aspiration, assess risk of choking. Require feeding e.g. PEG feeding. Mood/emotion – what make him/her happy/sad? Complete geriatric depression scale. Low moods or mood swings /feel suicidal. Relationships and interaction – Relaxed, distressed behaviour/ frequently restless or agitated which impacts on their daily living. Observation if demonstrate intense anger or distress. Response to care intervention – ask what are their expectations? Able to make own choices, resistance to care or need encouragement. Urinary continence – How manage going to the toilet. Manage independently with aids. Ask for specific aids. If has a catheter what type. Faecal continence – how manage bowels. Continence assessment required specific aids. If has a stoma what type is this temp or permanent. Breathing – Any breathing problem, shortness of breath. Airway management e.g. suctioning, tracheotomy, ventilator, oxygen. Specify equipment & complete risk assessment. If smoker complete risk assessment. Pain – Have any pain, experiencing severe pain which is  difficult to control. Use assessment chart in conjunction with or alongside MARR Chart & CP-1-13(b). Refer to GP as required. 2.2 Support the active participation of the individual in shaping the assessment process All individuals are encourages and supported to maintain self identity and individuality. All individuals are encouraged to engage in their Care Plan Assessment (CPA) meetings, formulation of person centred care plans and integration into the wider community. Prior to CPA meetings their personal views, wishes, needs preferences and outcomes. All individuals are encouraged to express their personal views and preferences regarding all aspects of daily living including the care they receive within the organisation and outside resources. Care plans are person centred and are formulated with the input of individuals. CPA meetings are generally set for the individuals are invited to engage and discuss their own care package. Active support is provided holistically within a care package for all individuals for all aspects of living. This would be taking in consideration accessing in-house resources such as e.g. psychology therapy session. Supporting individuals to explore, maintain, and sustain family relationship and research facilities and resources. Al individuals are supported and encouraged to be independent in accessing other health professional such as G.P’s, dentists, opticians etc with the help of necessary staff advocate and liaise on individuals behalf’s. Individuals are offered talk time on a daily basis, this enables them communicate any feelings, wishes, needs and preferences and gain support for any aspects of life they may need. The organisation work in compliance with the regulation that w ould mean respecting and involving service users in shaping their care plan. The service users are enabled to make or participate in making decisions, relating their care or treatment. The individual is provided with appropriate information and support in relation to their care or treatment. Service users or those acting on their behalf are encouraged to understand the care or treatment and choices available and discuss with an appropriate health care professional or other appropriate person the balance of risks and benefits involved in any particular course of care. The service users or advocate are able to express their views as to what is important to them in relation to the care. Where appropriate provide  opportunities for individual to manage their own care and support them to promote their autonomy, independence and community involvement. Taking care to ensure that care is provided to service users with due to regard to their age, sex, religious persuasion, sexual orientation racial origin, cultural linguistic background and any disability they may have. The organisations also ensure that the service users’ human rights are respected and taken into account. Systems are put in place to gain and review consent form people who use services and act on them. Personalised care, treatment and support are given to service users for example:- Care and welfare of people who use services Meeting nutritional needs Cooperating with other providers Safeguarding and safety The organisation ensure applying person centred planning in all aspects of health and social care work particularly in relation to vulnerable individuals e.g. service users with learning disabilities, physical disabilities, mental health issues, total communication, essential lifestyle planning and person centred reviews. Moreover working towards person centred outcomes e.g. satisfaction with care involvement and communicate with service users to find out their history, preferences and wishes. Work sensitively with service users who have an impaired capacity to express consent e.g. adapting working approaches using physical or communication aids, seeking help where necessary. It is vital to listen and respond to service users’ questions and concerns responding appropriately and work to resolve conflicts if consent cannot be established. Seeking extra support and advice where necessary. 2.3 Undertake assessments within the boundaries of own role As a social care manager I should be qualified and meeting the requirement of the CSSIW to be able to work accordingly to carry out service users’ assessment. Good working knowledge of care legislation and regulation and understanding of social care policy developments. I should have excellent verbal communications skills, time management and planning skills and comply with the relevant domains within the skills framework. As a social care manager the main focus of my work will be to undertake care assessments with service users whether in the organisation or pre-admission assessments. I will be working with the service users to develop their care packages which meet their preferred outcomes. As a Registered and qualified care manager I will be accountable for all my responsibilities. I have to contribute to the development of the service users to enable the empowerment of vulnerable individual and liaise with local and other services to promote access to them. I have to ensure in all my work that I recognise the diverse nature of the service user and deliver services accordingly. I have to undertake a timely assessment of an appropriate level and in depth with the service user to determine their level of needs in line with the Skills Framework. Where the service user has a carer I should offer them an independent assessment and identify the outcomes they wish to achieve in their own right and if the assessment is in line with framework policy. I also identify whether the service user or carer are within the framework eligibility criteria for services and inform them of my decision. As a care manager following initial assessment I should decide whether further specialist assessment are required and arrange them as necessary. This could be other specialist e.g. Sensory impairment Occupational Therapy from health or housing services District Nurse SENSE etc. Where Service user or carer does not meet the framework eligibility criteria I should work creatively with them to identify way in which they might make their own arrangement to enable them to achieve their preferred outcomes and care package. As a manager throughout the formation of the care plans, accesses to services are also considered. All service users are entitled to access services, but it is important that there are service users who may need more assistance that most in order to make that decision, for example individuals who suffer from dementia or those with learning disabilities. When making a full assessment of each service user, access to specialist professional support and advice are discussed. Specific services are accessed immediately in response to a service users assessed need, including (but not limited to) health care, nutrition and physiotherapy. However any  mental health needs are recorded and the relevant services provided. Medication needs are assessed and provided as appropriate. Palliative care plans are formulated where necessary. Advocacy services are fully available. 2.4 Make recommendations to support referral processes The referral process is a systematic approach to help service users use services or resources, with the aims of promoting wellness and enhancing self care and quality of care. By gaining their life stories during the care planning process, I can ascertain what may prove to be a positive stimulus for them. Care plans are not tick boxes; they require active engagement to promote the well being and independence of the service user. Continuity of care is an essential feature of the service users’ well- being. When making a referral I should identify: What kind of help the individual needs? Agency /resources that may help individual’s needs Getting the individual ready for the referral by helping her/him to deal with the feelings about asking for help. Individuals are referred to other professionals’ services for example:- Occupational Therapy District nurse if any concerns for pressure sore Speech Therapy Physiotherapy Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in adults Sensory impairment (Blind, Hearing etc.) As a manager working with individuals needs referral to other professional is vital as to promote their well-being. 3.1 Develop a care or support plan in collaboration with the individual that meets their needs Completing risk assessments is another method and one which every care service must involve itself in a regular basis. Risk assessments are an essential tool for me as a manager to understand firmly what is happening to provision of care, whether reviewing medicines  distribution, manual handling, care planning or general health and safety requirements. The risk assessment of risk is part of the process of deciding on outcomes. In assessing risk I should looks at the balance between possible beneficial and harmful outcomes and the likelihood of their occurrence within a stated time scale. Risk assessment are carried out in great detail I ensure that once identified any measures needed to protect service users and staff are put into place as soon as possible considering policies and procedures to promote safety and well being of service users. Risk assessment involves the activity of collecting information through observation, communication and investigation. It is an ongoing process that involves considerable persistence and skill to assemble and manage relevant information in ways that become meaningful for service users as well as the practitioners involved in delivering services and support. To be effective it needs service users’ families, carers and practitioners to interact and talk to each other about making a judgement on any potential harm and measures to reduce this. However during the risk assessment the following should be considered: Individual with a disability or elder people should not simply be seen as the source of risk- their view of risk and that of their families and carers have a prominent place in the identification assessment and management of risk. When gathering information from adults and family/carers all staff need to emphasise the importance of information that is both accurate and ide ntifies any concerns or issues that may increase the probability of any harm occurring. There should be a focus on a person’s â€Å"strengths†. Consideration should be given to the strengths and abilities of the service users their wider social and family networks and the diverse support and advocacy services available to them. A person Centred Approach should be used to identify access and manage risk. An assessment and subsequent risk management plan needs to be clear if it is to protect the service users or others. Each assessment should identify a review date and include the signature of everyone involved in the assessment. Decision making in relation to risk must be clearly evidenced on relevant information. As a manager I need to recognise that there is joint accountability/ownership for risk decision. Practitioners and service users need to know that  support is available if things begin to go wrong. Information sharing needs to be part of the decision making process with regard to appropriate disclosure. This approach supports the recognition of an individual’s right to make informed decisions about the care or support they receive. Working in collaboration to support and meet the individual needs the key features are by person centred planning. There is an approach based on the principles of rights, independence, choice and inclusion of the Individual. As a manager taking into consideration the key legal principles and legislation will help to make informed decisions that promote both the involvement and interest of service users and their families. An understanding of the following legislation is important: Human Rights Act 1998 Disability Rights Act 1995 Mental Capacity Act 2005 Data Protection Act 1998 Health and Safety at work Act 1974 Moreover care Planning is all about improving the lives of those who receive care. Ensuring that I have adequate policies and procedures in place is the first step towards providing effective care planning. Amongst my documentation the care plans are the most significant I will maintain. They should be regularly reviewed and stored in a safe place. I will hold them in both physical and electronic formats and establish a schedule for the following: Full assessments to be undertaken prior to the provision of a service. This should include Mental Health Assessments, Consent Records, Personal Details, Health Details, Palliative Care Needs, Needs Assessment, Record of Involvement etc. Documentation is in place to ensure that the service user is being involved in the formation of their care plans. Cultural needs are being respected and considered. Long-term conditions are being considered. The well-being of the service user is actively promoted. The language used is clear and easy to understand. The service user must always be kept in mind when constructing their care plans, as they must be able to fully understand its contents. Care Plans take the form of  communication tools rather than dictates. A key worker system is in place to match individuals with staff. Relatives and other key individuals are involved in the care planning process. The human rights, dignity and any special concerns are always considered fundamental to the provision of care and the construction of the care plans. Awareness is present of different communication needs in order to inform care planning. Learning disabilities and conditions like dementia should therefore be considered when discussing the care plans for these individuals. Assumptions must always be avoided. Staffs are trained to understand the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication, with respect for situations which may impair understanding. 3.2 Implement interventions that contribute to positive outcomes for the individual The crucial element of care planning is to consider the individual in the process. As the care manager, I need to show that I am planning a service around the identified and agreed needs and desires of the individual rather than fitting a person in my service. In order to achieve best outcomes, I will need to consider how to ensure the full involvement of the individual. It may be that an official care planning document may be threatening and inaccessible. For example, I may be supporting a deaf person who uses British Sign Language, which may need to be translated in another language. Care plans documents vary and I do have some autonomy in terms of the design and content. However, it is important that I can clearly indicate the desired outcome for the individuals. The process for the development of individual care plans should start by gathering information from key sources. These could include; Ser vice user Generally family Social workers Current service providers General practitioners Other health professionals (e.g. psychologists, psychiatrists, nutritionists etc.) Community nurse Intervention and support is considered, once the goals or objectives have been agreed, I need to think about how to implement the plan. I need to be aware of the need for ongoing collaboration with the service user so that  outcomes will be more effectively achieved. I need to ensure that packages are effective throughout their lives and that service users are enabled to get the most from the package designed for and with them. In order to do this, I need to consider how to encourage constructive, ongoing feedback. I will gain a more balanced and useful picture if I invite feedback from a range of sources including: The service user The service user’s family The team members Partners involved in the caring process. Each package must be reviewed at least six month and any changes made. There are different ways of doing this: Meetings with service users to gather their views Internal review meetings Monthly update reports on progress and difficulties Staff meetings The involvement of an advocate for the service users Consultation with others, for example, family members, counsellors and other professionals. 4.1 Develop others’ understanding of the functions of a range of assessment tools As a manager my systems should provide a good framework for practice and ensure consistency for residents. However, most important is the training and awareness of the staff team. Initial training is crucial if staffs are to understand, not only the process, but the reasons for example: For managing medication in the prescribed way. The national minimum standards emphasise the need for accredited. It is also emphasises that the content of such training should include the way in which medication is used, the problems which can arise and the principles which have informed the policy on the management of medication. The most important mechanisms for providing support to resident and staffs are through staff training and development. The Care Standards Act 2000 prescribes in Standard 30 (30.4): That all staff receive a minimum of three paid training days per year ( including in-house training) and have an individual training and development assessment and profile. This minimum requirement will ensure  that team members meet the National Training Organisations workforce training targets and that my practice setting will therefore continue to meet the changing needs of my residents. As a manager, it is my responsibility to take into account and differentiate between individual team members’ abilities as well as their developmental needs. This will be in terms of their knowledge, skills and accredited qualifications and I will have to audit and supervise to ensure that they remain appropriate to their current roles. However this will consider training: Manual Handling Infection control Risk Assessment Care Planning Health and Safety Medications etc. As part of their training, most carers will be expected to develop the skills and knowledge to identify that a client has specific need. Having the knowledge of individuals’ diagnosis enables the staff team to ensure that choices offered and encouraged to individuals are suited to their personal limitations. This also promotes the well being and protection of individuals by having an in depth knowledge of mental health illnesses that could result in them having a detrimental effect on there well being and safety caused by their own behaviour, vulnerability and exploitation. There are also a number of physical conditions that can impair a person’s mental health (i.e.):- An individual whom has diabetes and as a result has a HYPER resulting in them becoming aggressive and disorientated this could be mistaken for the individual displaying challenging behaviour, therefore the staff team need to be aware and have the knowledge of the condition where individual will need medical attention. Another example could be an individual whom has moderate asthma leading to an asthma attack; staff team should have knowledge and understanding of this condition for intervention and treatment for the individuals seeking medical help. As a manager I support staff to observe and use best evidence and knowledge based practice in their work by assisting to identify training needs in these areas through reflective practice and supervision. I also coach and mentor staffs when working with individuals throughout the day the staff team also regularly  engage in reflect practice. There are many training manuals, text book and journals within the work place that staff have access to, enable them to improve their knowledge and understanding of individuals. 4.2 Develop others’ understanding that assessment may have a positive and/or negative impact on an individual and their families. Service users and carers’ families have a critical role to play in success for care planning, and care management. Their involvement is an integral part within each of the thematic headings outlined in this document. Involving them in the following ways:- Sharing of information in respect of the illness and reasons for being there. The assessment process including risk assessment. Safeguarding and developing key social supports networks. The choice of accommodation. Families involvement may sometime cause negative impact on service users well being. For example for (Domiciliary care) Families insisting to shower a service user where no hands are rails are in place, and no appropriate equipments according the service users condition/mobility. Families may think that a service user is not receiving proper hygiene care, whereas on the other hand not taking into consideration the health and safety factor. 4.3 Develop others’ understanding of their contribution to the assessment process. All care staff attends detailed care induction programmes and their ongoing progress is evaluated through regular mentoring and appraisals. Annual training updates are compulsory for all staff. For examples below organisation’s care worker training programme includes: Health and Safety 1974 RIDDOR/COSHH Food hygiene Personal care Back care Communication Bereavement Record keeping Challenging behaviour Confidentiality/Data protection Moving and Positioning Fire safety Emergency First Aid Medication Specialist training dementia Every care worker spends time shadowing more experienced colleagues and is fully supported by the management teams. As a manager I encouraged all carers to undertake further qualifications and wherever possible and provide them with opportunities to extend their studies. All staffs are continually assessed during regular supervision sessions. Carers play a vital role in providing care to people in the care home. As a care manager I encourage staff to carry out health and safety assessments all the time on service users and to report to me any concern. Staffs are made aware about the legislations and why it is important for them as they need to work according to regulators to avoid any mishap. For example: – equipment out of order. 5.1 Review the assessment process based on feedback from the individual and/or others. The organisation aspires to best practice as set by CSSIW in developing implementing, monitoring reviewing service delivery/care plans. Care plans are formulated with where possible with the individual and implemented daily throughout the staff team and staff work in accordance to any guidelines that interlinked with care plans along with risk assessments. Throughout my working role and responsibilities I monitor care plans daily to ensure they are maintained and sustainable. Care plans are reviewed within allocated time scales. Some of the relevant legislation that effects my work roles in regards to service delivery and care plans are:- Health and Safety Act 1974 Care Standard Act 2000 Human Right Act 1998 Data Protection Act 1998 Mental Capacity Act 2005 Mental Health Act 1983 NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Under care standards every individual has the night to have their needs assessed and have these met as far as possible. Within the organisation individual’s needs are constantly changing and being reviewed due to nature of the individuals whom we support and cater for. As a manager I carry out monthly audit anybody involves in the care home e.g.: GP, OT, District Nurse, Service User, Chiropodist, Physiotherapist Speech Therapist Dentist Opticians Dietician Mental Health (Psychiatrists) Social Services CPN As a manager I generally invite all outside agencies and key professionals to complete service questionnaires to enable us as an organisations to maintain and strive for the highest standards of care. As gather feedback from these professionals, whether they think my referrals were relevant and appropriate with my care organisation. I asked them how they feel I have used their knowledge within the time scale. As a manager I include also about outcome. 5.2 Evaluate the outcomes of assessment based on feedback from the individual and/or others. Based on feedback from other professionals involved in service users’ care. We did receive some constructive feedback about how we can improve our performance and service. GPs stated were satisfied with the service provided to our service user and that our care planed it very much up to date. The District Nurse stated in their comments that they are very satisfied about following appropriate treatment and service users are being referred. Service users families are very satisfied as their loved one is  having appropriate care and is well looked after. They are well pleased about the way the service users can make her choice on her care having review meeting on the care planning and taking their concern into consideration. 5.3Develop an action plan to address the findings The purpose of the Action Plan is that a person receiving services has an individualized, personalized plan for their supports, formal and informal. The plan identifies the supports the person has chosen to use, the person’s intention or desired outcomes of their supports, who is responsible for the supports, and, how and when those supports will be reviewed for effectiveness. The plan provides a written summary of Issues and Goals, the Plan/Strategy of each support, the Responsible Person(s) for providing that support, and the Target Dates for completion. The plan is intended to assist the person, and the people who support them, to better understand the intent and purpose of the supports, and who is responsible to carry out each part of the plan. It should be written so that the person can easily understand and refer to it. It should enable a person to easily review their plan and the agreements that have been made. The plan also allows the person to build upon their own strengths and be an active participant in their supports. A plan is completed at the time of initial assessment, should be regularly discussed by the person receiving supports and their case manager, and updated as a person’s support needs change. Progress, lack of progress, and changes to the plan are recorded in the person’s file. Any significant change that triggers the need for a new assessment must also trigger the need for a new plan. I have produced few examples below for action plan:- Client Name: Michael Cornell Date: April 12, 2010 Issues and Goals Plan/Strategy Target Date 1. Issue: I feel down a lot. Goal: Increased energy and interest in their hobbies. -Refer to Elder Care Clinician for further assessment and treatment. 15 April 2010 2. Issue: Not eating well and losing weight. Goal: Eat well to manage my diabetes and gain 10lbs. -Refer to Nutrition Director at CVCOA for nutrition consult for Michael & Jennifer. -Refer to Meals on Wheels (MOW) 2x a week. -Jennifer wants to cook evening & weekend meals. -Michael will have nutritious meals at Barre Project Independence (BPI) 3x a week. -Michael, Jennifer & Marie will review in 3 months progress toward goal. 20 April 2010 Issue: Assistance needed with personal care, dressing, bathing, laundry and housework. Goal: Michael will have the PCA assistance he needs 7x a wk. For independence in his home. Provide PCA 7x a wk. For personal care. 13 April 2010 Michael’s spiritual needs are not being met. Goal: Michael’s spiritual needs will be met through visits from his minister and attending church. 2 -Michael would like Jennifer to call the minister, Barbara Watkins to arrange for a visit. -Michael will let Barbara know that he would like spiritual visits 1-2 x a month if possible. -Jennifer agrees to bring Michael to church 2x a month. Michael’s friend John will bring him 2 x if Michael wants.

Policy brief (Russia ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy brief (Russia ) - Essay Example With inflation, hitting 7 percent, the prospect of the long periods of low energy prices has increased a lot of pressure on Russia, thereby revealing the problem of overreliance of the Russian economy on oil and natural gas (Gower, & Timmins, 2009). This paper discusses economic diversification as the best policy brief for this situation which is fast becoming a major economic problem in Russia. Introduction The Russian economic problems in the past have shown chronic characteristics i.e. they have shown long term effects, in the sense that the problem has been realized to be persistent in nature, and therefore requires structural measures (a substantial solution to problems facing all the factors of production in the economy). Recently, the Russian President, Putin, embarked on measures termed as ‘‘energetic’’ that rule tax increases out in the economy, but increase the ability and efficiency of the workforce operation (Gower, & Timmins, 2009). In accordanc e with economic principles, the current budget moves are necessary since too much state support normally disrupts the market conditions (both money and product) and lower the interest rates in the private sector investments and to particular sectors of the economy (Ellman, 2006). One crucial point to be realized however is the Russian government-owned Companies accounts for more than half of the economy since 2006. The global economy depends on the stability of the global demand and prices of goods and services. More specifically, Russian economy depends largely on the global demand and prices of its oil exports. In the event of further delay in recovery of the global demand, the Russian exports will be heavily depressed. In this context, the criticality of the Russian economy is directly dependent on the stability of oil price in the world, which currently depends on the Euro Zone recovery (Gower, & Timmins, 2009). With the United States impending involvement in the oil trade, whic h might lower the price of oil, much of the Russian vulnerability has been exposed, increasing the risk of overreliance on one sector of the economy. World Bank foresaw a reduced economic growth from 2.3 % to 1.8 % has been associated to slowdown in consumption, stuck investment demand as well as a continuing weak external environment. The increased 3.1% World Bank projection on Russian economic growth by 2014 is also associated to the stability of the global oil demand and prices. In addition to that, economists consider the Russian economy to be growing to its capacity, with constrained and weak investment activities as well as a very rigid labor market (Malle, 2013). Considering the above facts and projections, the best way of overcoming these economic challenges in the Russian economy and growth becomes the critical growth stimulation policy. Economic diversification, constituting shifts from the past growth models, which generally focused on stimulation of consumption demand (i nternal and external demand for resources) to a model that constitutes involvement of all sectors of the economy (Ellman, 2006). These structural changes that open up the constrained non-competitive sectors and market will be the basis of unlocking the idle Russian economic and growth potential. Statement of the Problem Economic stability is a factor of the growth in all economic sectors of the country. The aspect of economic stability starts from internal structural stability to

The Origin of Government Involvement in Health Care Delivery in the Un Assignment - 3

The Origin of Government Involvement in Health Care Delivery in the United States - Assignment Example The legislation was passed by the Congress in 1965 that established the Medicare as title 18and Medicaid program as title 19 of the social security act found on page 3. Title 18 that refers to Medicare in the social security act allocated health insurance for the aged and disabled. The social security act amended the Medicare legislation in 1965. It established a health insurance program. It was meant for the aged persons, in order to make up for retirement. It also catered for survivors and covered disability insurance health benefits. This was under title two of the social security act. (pg.6) Another component of the social security act is title 19. This is a federal or a state entitlement program. This one provides financial aid to certain individuals and families who have low income and scarce resources. In 1965 the Medicare program became law. It is regarded as a cooperative venture, whose financial problems are covered for by both federal, and the state government. This includes the District of Columbia and the territories. Their participation was in order to assist the states in providing sensible medical assistance, to particularly needy people. As a result, Medicare became the biggest source of financial support. This covers medical and other health-related services for people who are financially challenged. Title 21 covers the Children Health Insurance Program (CHIP). From March, it is now known as the State Children’s Health Insurance Program. It caters for children from financially challenged families that do not qualify for Medicaid. It was brought into place by the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997. This is found in (Public Law, 105-33) The term â€Å"managed care† refers to the use of financial incentives and the structure of an organization, in order to reach its objectives. Its purpose is to upsurge efficiency and lessen healthcare budget. Benchmark is a term used to refer to something or a method, which can be used as a means to evaluate and assess the level, or quality of things that are related.     

Human resource-discrimination in workplace Essay

Human resource-discrimination in workplace - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of discrimination in the modern working environments, to analyse the role of anti-discriminative legal obligations on employers, and to determine the ways of what a good employer can do in order to prevent and manage discrimination at work. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 1 provides a brief definition of discrimination and major types of discrimination; Section 2 discusses and illustrates why discrimination is still an issue in workplace; Section 3 provides a brief overview of the obligations imposed by law on employers; Section 4 discusses of how employers can manage prevent and control discrimination practice at work; Section 5 is concluding part of the essay. Inequality is defined as unequal allocation of benefits and opportunities (Cohn, 1998). Unequal treatment can occur in various life situations, however, it is the most obvious when economic resources such as jobs, income, and wages are distributed unequally (Cohn, 1998). Unequal hiring process and employment conditions can be viewed as discrimination at workplace and in employment. More specifically, Cohn (1998:3) defines discrimination as â€Å"the provision of unequal benefits to people of different ascriptive statuses despite identical qualifications and merit†. Some of the most common grounds for discriminative behaviour at work is recognised to be race and sex. However, discriminatory practices are based not only on the grounds of race and sex, but also on the grounds of pay equality, disability, nationality, religion, etc. (Wright and Conley, 2011). Discrimination can have two forms: direct and indirect. Direct discrimination implies an unequal treatment of an individual on the ground of his/her diversity less favourably than others. Thus, for example, it would be discriminatory to select a male engineer for work in

Aleister Crowley Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aleister Crowley - Research Paper Example He retired early even before Aleister was born because of the business. He was also a radical preacher who travelled across Britain, writing pamphlets and bible study guides. His mother, Emily Bertha Bishop, came from the Devon and Somerset lineage. Both of his parents subscribed to the Brethren faith, which was a lot more conservative variant of the Plymouth Brethren. With this background Aleister was only allowed to play with children from similar backgrounds (Poem Hunter 5-7). His father’s death on March 5th 1887 from tongue cancer proved to be a turning point in young Aliester’s life having been very close to him. He turned rebelliously against the Christian faith as his mother’s attempts to keep him in the faith turned into a desperate futility. This never went well with the mother who labeled him a â€Å"beast†. This rebellious nature was the beginning of a life mainly characterized by extremism in diverse forms such as occultism, pansexuality, magic, drugs, poetry and mountaineering. On 1st December 1947 he died of respiratory infections that developed from his addiction of heroin. The addiction developed after he went on prescription for his asthma and bronchitis (Poem Hunter 11-13; Open Culture 1). In his early days, he was home schooled until the age of eight when he move to an evangelical run private preparatory - an experience which ended up with the young boy being bullied because he was not used to such a setting of education, he was a bit chubby, and fat and vulnerable such treatment (Golden Dawn Pedia 2). He later joined the Moral Science Tripos at Trinity Collegein in 1895 to study philosophy but late switched to English literature. It is at Cambridge that he developed an interest in alchemy as he interacted with Julian Baker who later introduced him to George Cecil Jones of the Hermetic order of the Golden dawn. He later left Cambridge as he almost graduated with a degree

What drives facial diversity in primates (Central Hypothesis is Social Research Paper

What drives facial diversity in primates (Central Hypothesis is Social factors are more important in driving primate facial diversity.) - Research Paper Example Many researchers have resolved that social factors have the prevalent contribution in the emergence of primate facial diversity. Facial characteristics of primates are complex structures that are designed to fulfill several purposes. Primate face is made up of various phenotypes as it integrates various parts such as eyes, ears, nose, hair and patches of skin. All these organs differ in their traits and functions. These parts have different location, origin, colour, size and shape (Cartmill and Smith, 2009). The nature and shape of the elements in a primate face is to a great extent determined by social factors. In many social animals, facial traits offer an adequate source of information that is significant in social interaction. The face is used to express signs regarding primate behaviours, condition and identity. Given the role of face in social interaction, it is sensible to assume that social factors have a crucial contribution in enhancing facial diversity in primates. Facial diversity in primates is explained by the differences in characteristics, shape, colour and size expressed by different primate in the world. According to biologists, facial diversity among primates is highly contributed to by emerging social factors (Bradley & Lawler, 2011). The essay below will present some of the important social factors in driving primate facial diversity. In this essay, the author will provide evidence on the contribution of both social and ecological factors in directing diversity in primates. The table above illustrates the nature of social interaction among different primates in the world. It shows the social status of different players in their social settings. From the table, it is clear that the social responsibility among male and female primates varies from one primate to another. According to the table, facial diversity is highly influenced by social setting which primates engage in. Many primates spend

CUSTOMERS PORTFOLIO AS MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT Essay

CUSTOMERS PORTFOLIO AS MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT - Essay Example The implementation of these strategies must however be done in a manner that can guarantee that the strategic management plans of the companies are up to date with changing situations on the market (Levinsohn and Williams, 2004). This means that the search and implementation of strategic management plans must be undertaken as a holistic process that includes all stakeholders who have a role to play in the success of the company. In relation to this argument, Labovitz (2005), identifies the place of the customer in having a very formidable strategic management plan for the modern global economic market. It has been said that the customer is no longer a passive member of the corporate society but an active member of it (Khurana, 2002). Because of this, the need to always include customers in the planning of the company is very relevant and inevitable. With this understanding in mind, the current report is prepared to identify the place of the customer in a typical modern business and o utline ways in which companies can make use of the all new concept of customer portfolio to maximise the benefits they can make of their customer base. 2.0 Theoretical Framework A waterfall approach to the theoretical understanding of the concept of customer portfolio is developed. This approach involves the strategic review of what exists in literature as the place of customers in business entities. After this understanding has been developed, there will then be a deduction of what the definition of customer portfolio is, based on what is deduced in literature. 2.1 Customers as assets Writing on the place of customers in a typical business entity, Kets de Vries (2003) explained that the best way for companies to make the best out of their customers is to understand the place of customers as assets to the company. Commonly, the assets of companies are judged as either being tangible or intangible, with much emphasis and focus on those things that can be utilised by the company for r evenue generation purposes (Nutt, 2004). Labovitz and Rosansky (2007) laments that hardly are customers envisioned and classified as having the potential of generating revenues for the company. What companies have done over the years is to see the customer as the source of revenue, rather than a generator of revenue. But this perception is said to be erroneous, especially in cases where companies want to make the best out of their customers. As assets, customers will be seen as tangible resources that ought to be managed so as to ensure that they are transformed into revenues (Morrison and Milliken, 2000). Giving a practical explanation of how customers could act as assets, Roberts, Swanson and Dinneen, J. (2004) said that every company that has a formidable database of its customers would realise that each customer has a specific fiscal wealth they account to the customer. Since assets are also quantified as fiscal wealth, customers can be said to be assets. 2.2 Customers as stakeh olders Farrell (2004) joins a school of thought that argues that customers may best be seen as stakeholders if companies want to make the most of them. As stakeholders, customers have been explained as people, having a say in the planning and decision making process of the company. This way, customers may be included in decision making in two major ways. The first of these ways is active inclusion, which requires companies to have a mechanism by which views of customers will be collected and considered while taking management level decisions (Sankar, 2003). There is also a passive inclusion of customers as stakeholders in decision making, where the company uses a strategy to identify the views and thoughts of customers about the company and make decisions that

Corruption and Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corruption and Law - Research Paper Example impact of corruption on the economic growth is high since it creates nonlinear relationship that exists between corruption, terrorism, and crime as well. In general, corruption is a propellant of unethical fibers of the civilization which implies that the exercise posses indisputably action among the people. This however, affects economic and social. When the entire regime in the government of a given nation allows an aspect of corruption, this aspect affects the entire society both morally and economically. However, a clean government is not an assurance that economic prosperity and growth will be attained. This means that rapid economic growth is propelled by the absence of risks and uncertainty within the prevailing regime (Hurd 2011, 47). Economic growth needs effective decision making from higher level of governance as this reduces bureaucratic intervention within the regime in power as per that time of governance. Corruption and economic growth are nonlinear correlation events in the sense that rapid growth in economy of the country can be possible if we have strong institutions devoid of corrupt activities. In addition, the regime should portray stability in its political events and provide reasonable decision making that propel fast economic growth (Detzer 2010, 65-68). We have various institutions in the U.S formed to cover the aspect of terrorism and transnational crime. Such institutions have been seen as aspects that propel corruption in any national governance in many nations worldwide. Corruption is based on international security, which foresees government position leaders, and the entire system comes in hand to support terrorism activities through funding. The aspect of long-term preservation by the transnational crime contributes highly on political campaigns through funding and they ensure that they are involved in nationalistic events. Through these activities, transnational crime however engages many of their activities within the prevailing

Role of CNO (Chief Nursing Officer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of CNO (Chief Nursing Officer) - Essay Example According to a 2002 survey, approximately 55 percent of the CNOs were found to report directly to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., & Institute of Medicine, 2011). This presents the CNOs with a good chance to present the ailing problems of the treatment, disease management, patient safety, and nursing staff safety to the top management board. In other words, the CNO is a representative for the nursing staff and the patients to the health care administration. This should go in hand with the implementation of strategies that are geared towards the improvement of the quality of services in the health care institutions. In most cases, the management board focuses primarily on financial and business aspects of health care institutions (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine., Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., & Institute of Medicine, 2011). However, with the representation of the CNOs in the board, there is an all-round structure of administration that can make diverse and all-inclusive decisions that touch on all the stakeholders in the health sector. The significance of their representation is that they are directly in touch with the nursing staff and the patients as well as other stakeholders in the health sector. It is through the representation of the nursing staff by the CNO in the hospital board that critical issues affecting health care such as understaffing, budget pressures, turnover levels, and retention can be satisfactorily addressed. Another significant role of the CNO in health care is guaranteeing and assuring the quality of services offered in the clinics. The Chief Nursing Officer ought to directly supervise the nursing staff to ensure that patient satisfaction is achieved. The achievements and

Kantian and Utilitarian Essay Example for Free

Kantian and Utilitarian Essay Kant believed in an absolute moral law that he called the Categorical Imperative. It is this imperative that determines our duty. (2) Two formulations of this imperative can be used to determine the morally correct action that Alistair should choose. The first formulation, The Formula of Universal Law: Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law [of nature]. (2) Alistair has two possible maxims to act upon. These maxims, if it were universally applicable, are: â€Å"Anyone may lie in order to promote increasing human welfare† and â€Å"Everyone always tells the truth†. The first maxim is contradictory. If people had the option to lie, it negates the system of trust on which the world is built. When, for example, I put my money in the bank, I trust them to keep it safe. If the first maxim was universally accepted, I could not trust without reservation that the bank would keep my money safe because they would be able to give my money away if they felt it would increase the welfare of those less fortunate. If this was the case, there would be widespread mistrust and, ironically, it would have a negative impact on human welfare. The second maxim is universally applicable and is thus, according to Kant, the maxim on which to act upon. The second formulation, The Formula of the End in Itself: â€Å"So act as to treat humanity, both in your own person, and in the person of every other, always at the same time as an end, never simply as a means. †(2) If Alistair were to withhold the truth about the bribery, he denies the rationality of the board and denies that there is any rational action for them to perform. He denies them the option to rationally make a decision on what to do about the situation. In doing this he is using the board merely as a means to ensure the delivery of the medicine. According to Kant, for Alistair to use the board as a means in themselves, he would have to tell the truth. According to Kant’s theory, the action of ignoring the bribe fails the first and second formulation of the Categorical Imperative, thus the right thing to do would be to tell the truth to the board of directors. Utalitarian Theory Looking back at the case study it is clear that, on the one hand, people are receiving inexpensive kits of medicine, the drivers don’t get shot and the reputation of the relief organisation and the director is still intact. On the other hand, the board doesn’t know about the bribery, thus the unethical activity cannot be put to a stop. Utilitarianism is a theory based on consequences, not the action leading to the consequence. This theory holds that we should choose those actions that would result in the greatest amount of good in the interest of the greatest number of people affected by our actions. 1)(4) The â€Å"good† is anything that, directly or indirectly, brings happiness or pleasure. (4) The consequences of each particular action is considered to determine which outcome will best serve the greater good. (3) Act Utilitarianism prescribes that every situation be evaluated independently. The action that leads to the greatest net outcome of utility is then c onsidered to be the correct choice. According to this theory, Alistair should choose the action that will maximise happiness and minimise unhappiness. Alistair has two possible choices with two different consequences. The first is that Alistair tells the truth about the bribery. The possible outcome of his choice are the following: the drivers stop receiving cash and get shot, the contract is terminated and the less fortunate stop receiving their medicine, the director in charge of the contract is fired, and the relief organisation suffers great embarrassment. These are all negative effects and cause great unhappiness. On the other hand, the happiness of the board is increased because they can put a stop to more unethical activity. The second choice that Alistair has to consider is to keep silent and overlook the bribe. This would lead to the situation staying the same (as stated in the case study) and would secure the happiness of the greater good which include: the director, the relief organisation, the drivers and the people receiving the medicine. The board of directors would not know about the bribe, so there would be no unhappiness to consider. Considering the consequences of both actions, the happiness of the greater good is maximised when Alistair keeps silent.

Platos View On The Souls

Platos View On The Souls Platos ideas about the soul were revolutionary and extremely advanced for his time, as with most of Platos philosophies, yet on the other hand they appear to be both self-conflicting and flawed. In this essay I will proceed to justify this statement. Plato was a Greek philosopher with many views on life and existence. Platos views on the mind body distinction have been the target of many criticisms since his time. In the republic, he formulated ideas on the allegory of the cave and the theory of the forms. He believed that our existence on earth was merely a shadow of a higher spiritual plane, our bodies just a vessel, or even looked upon as a cage trapping the soul and restricting it from this higher plain.  [1]  Plato was a dualist and so believed that when the material body dies the soul lives on. He believed that we are dual creatures; the soul is distinct from the body and vice versa. The body has extension (it takes up space) and is impermanent: it has a beginning and will have an end. The soul takes up no space and is immortal: it pre-existed our body and will live forever. Plato does not really believe that the soul lives but that there is a part of existence that exists outside time. Platos views, are best described in his analogy allegory of the cave in which it depicts a prisoner that escapes the cave metaphorical for this life- and goes on to discover everything he once believed in was only a fraction of the truth: Platos main philosophy stemmed from the cave and was about knowing the theory of the forms. Here, he thought that the soul is immaterial and is immortal, however the body- being physical- could be doubted as it was part of the empirical world. Plato believed that the soul was immortal; it was in existence before the body and it continues to exist when the body dies. Plato thought this to be true because of his Theory of Forms. Plato thought we had such ideas as a perfect circle, not because we have seen one before or that it had been described to us, but the image was already known to us through the world of Forms. This theory also explained how the soul was generated; the soul already lived a life in the world of forms, a world that cannot be destroyed as the body can be destroyed. Once you die, the soul is free for a short time before being entrapped once again in another body.  [2]  Plato was also a rationalist. He believed that you only have true knowledge and understanding of reality through reason. The physical world is inferior, or course, to the realm of Forms. Any knowledge we have of the physical world is through our senses and is subjective and inexact. Platos idea of the soul is his dualist position, believing that body and soul are fundamentally distinct. His theory on the soul was produced in his book Phaedrus. In it Plato was most concerned with demonstrating the immortality of the soul and its ability to survive bodily death. He proposed the idea that, like Aristotles idea of motion, whatever is the source of its own motion or animation must be immortal.  [3]  Plato was writing at a time in Greek philosophy where popular opinion believed that the soul did not survive death, and that it dispersed into nothing, like breath or smoke. Plato believed that the soul must be immortal by the very nature of being the source of its own animation, for it is only through a psyche that things can be living rather than dead. The souls are both animated and at the same time the source of its own animation. Plato also states that the soul is an intelligible and non-tangible article that cannot be destroyed or dispersed, much like his ideas about forms of non-tangible realities; such as beauty or courage. In a more simplistic sense, the soul is a form and is outside time in that way. The argument from affinity, as Plato posited in Phaedrus, states that because the soul is an invisible and intangible entity, as opposed to a complex and tangible body; the two must be distinct and separate. Plato believed that which is composite must be divisible, sensible and transient; and that which is simple must be invisible, indivisible and immutable.  [4]  Forms bear a resemblance to the simple, immutable entities, such as beauty; however a beautiful painting is transient and palpable. The body shows an affinity to the composite by nature of its mortality and mutability; just as the soul shows a similar affinity to immortality and indivisibleness. To further emphasise the point, Plato writes when the soul investigates by itself it passes into the realm of what is pure, ever existing, immortal and unchanging, and being akin to this, it always stays with it whenever it is by itself and can do so; it ceases to stray and remains in the same state as it is in touch with thing s of the same kind (Phaedo, 79c-d). He argues that just as the bodys prime function is to understand the material and transient world, the functioning of the soul as an entity of rational and self-reflective thought demonstrates its affiliation with a simple and immutable world; showing that the two are distinct. However Plato does not explore the criticisms of this argument that just because an entity portrays an affiliation, does not necessarily require it to be as that which it affiliates. Plato believed that the soul, if it were to be the animator of all living things, must be responsible for a persons mental or psychological activities and responses. For the soul cannot be the reason for life, yet at the same time limited in its influence over the bodies in which it animates. However this provides one of the most serious and potentially defeating criticisms of Platos views on the soul. He fails to address the issue of the interrelationship between body and soul, if they are indeed distinct. He doesnt mention if the soul act as controller of a lifeless body, or is there more to the body than simply the material. Moreover the argument from affiliation would suggest that the body is concerned with the material, composite world whilst the soul is concerned with the invisible and simple world. If this is the case then the soul cannot, following from Platos argument, have any interaction with the material, bodily world; for then it ceases to be simple and immutable. An argument from recollection, which Plato first put forward when discussing his theory of the world of the forms, also serves his theory of the soul. Perfect forms, such as equality, are knowable a priori; we have no need for experience to tell us whether two lines are equal length. We must, therefore, know these things through recollection of these perfect forms. Therefore, the soul must have pre-existed the body to know these facts a priori. Platos argument from opposites was based on his idea that everything in the observable world has an opposite effect. As Plato writes in his work Phaedo; If something smaller comes to be it will come from something larger before, which became smaller (Phaedo, 270d). In other words everything we can know has an opposite; asleep and awake; hot and cold. Similarly they are reversible, just as one goes from a state of sleep to a state of being awake, one can do the opposite. Plato argued that if this were the case, then the same should apply to life and death. Just as one can go from life to death, one must be able to go from death to life; and if this statement is correct, then the soul must survive this transition and as a consequence possess immortality and separation from the body. He believed that animation and life was integral to the very notion of the soul, just like heat is a part of fire; thus it cannot be destroyed and is eternal. A separate argument from his theory of opposites was that of a similar theory of the forms and their opposites. He stated that no entity can consist of contradictory forms, and thus one form must necessarily exist and the other not in any particular entity. The number five cannot possess both the form of even and odd; by adding or subtracting one; the form of odd is displaced by even. Plato wrote: so fire as the cold approaches will either go away or be destroyed; it will never venture to admit coldness and remain what it was, fire and cold The soul must share in the form of life, for we know that those living have a soul. Therefore, it cannot contain the form of death also, for this would be in direct conflict of life. The soul must ontologically necessarily exist, and must therefore be immortal. Contemporary analysis of Platos views on the soul produces many criticisms; there is a clear chronological confusion as his work progresses; with the soul starting as an intelligible and non-tangible item, yet progressing to where the soul becomes a complex tripartite entity that is trapped in the material body, yet still longing to enter the world of the forms. Plato demonstrates a contradictory and muddled thought process that attempts to find resolutions for flaws in his thinking. The idea of an imperfect entity entering the perfect realm of the forms is one such logical fallacy in his argument; and he does this by seeking to find reason and justification for his conclusion, rather than seeking a conclusion based on all of his own logic.

Comparison of Hinduism and Judaism

Comparison of Hinduism and Judaism It is of great importance when comparing religions to take a careful consideration on fundamental beliefs and rituals each religion engages in. this gives and aids in understanding each religion quite clearly. A comparison enables analysis of disparity among different aspects of a religion as it relates to another religion. In this paper, a comparison of Hinduism and Judaism will be analyzed where a comparison of the beliefs of life after death and prayer/worship will be looked at. Judaism is a monotheistic religion and one of the first religions. The faith sorely believes in the reality of one God, who made a covenant, agreement between Him and the Jews. They were promised to be given provision so long as they obeyed the rules and did not deviate from the rules. The rules were originally written in two stone tablets and are known as The Ten Commandments, this rules and regulations are supposed to govern the interactions between man and man, and man with God. Jews do not try to convert other members of other religions as they regard themselves as specially and purposely chosen by God. Unlike the Judaism, it is extremely difficult to categorize Hinduism as either polytheistic or monotheistic because of the fundamental faith in the Universal spirit. Hindus believe in several gods and goddesses; but they are all reflections and dimensions of one Supreme Being Brahman or the Universal Spirit. Hinduism holds true that all in the universe is cyclic. The world has be en created, sustained, and destroyed many times. The god presents himself in three forms: Brahma, who created the world, Vishnu, who sustains and Shiva, who destroys the universe and begins the cycle again. Hindu people generally worship Vishnu and Shiva. Vishnu is said to have a kindly nature and is thought to try to protect the wellbeing of humanity. The god descends from heavens to earth in a physical form on every occasion a cataclysm faces the cosmos or if humankind needs consolation and guidance (Linda, 189). On the other hand Vishnu is exceptionally drawn in with humanity, Shiva is detached from people. He is from time to time reflected meditating alone. He has immense supremacy and is further than the parameters of good and evil. He saves man by removing mans sins. Judaism as well as Hinduism has faith that God is omnipresent and omnipotent; He is the creator, the protector and the destroyer. The Sustenance of the humanity on the earth simply relies heavily on the will of Go d and nothing ever moves without His doing. Prayer/worship is intertwined in the Hinduism and Judaism lifestyle. Prayer is the way of communication and worship (devotion) with God. Prayer is seen as an essential and innate act of relating with the gods. Judaism and Hinduism prayers are usually said in the morning, afternoon and evening. Prayers are basically used to call upon gods or diverse supernatural powers, for the interests of the people as individuals and as a community. Hindus use prayer books. Perhaps the most powerful Hindu prayer books are the Vedic hymns. During the utterance and recitation of the prayers the sounds and content of the prayer must be observed and a great stress is laid on the mode and process in which they are recited. Its believed that when a prayer is not properly chanted or the syllables arent pronounced correctly it could bring harm and may not lead to the intended purpose. Provided the Vedic mantras are chanted in the appropriate way and in accordance to a specific rhythm its believed they cont ain alluring mystical command to summon supernatural beings. The prayers praise the virtues and potencies of various gods and goddesses in order to seek favors from them. During public ceremonies the mantras are chanted loudly whereas there are some mantras, principally the private mantras which are meant to be kept undisclosed. The rules of Hinduism also stipulate that mantras should not be disclosed to those that are religiously lame and therefore unqualified. Deep devotional songs and dances accompany the prayers. In the spiritual realm of a Hindu worshipper a prayer has a greater implication. Incessant recitation of gods name is believed to lead to cleansing of the mind and internal transformation. It is seen as the most effective way of developing a close association with God and realizes the inner self. Puja is a daily ritual done in a sacred corner in a worship room of the home it keeps the Hindus aware of their family gods and mindful of their duties as individuals. Puja inv olves three steps: The first is seeing the family deity (darshana). A small statue or picture of the god is placed in the sacred spot. The second step is the worship of the god, or puja. The worshiper offers the god flowers, fruits, and cooked food (bhog). The third step is retrieving the blessed food (prasada) and consuming it (Van, 11). Prayer in the Judaism consists: Shacharit in the morning, Minchah and Maariv, in late afternoon and evening. On the Sabbath, there is an additional service, Mussaf, added on to the morning. One prayer is essential to each devotion service, morning and night, weekday, Shabbat, and holiday: the Amidah the Standing Prayer, which is also known as the Shmoneh Esrai, the Eighteen blessings, or the Silent Devotion, its a key prayer in many services, and it is the declaration of faith, Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God! The Lord is One! (Van, 21). Its generally accepted that prayers should be recited privately and in solitude but sometimes Judaism encourages prayer in the company of others and for this basis Jews often try to come together to pray in public. Prayer is just like a second part of a person life, a daily diet. In that way, one comes to be peaceful speaking terms with God, who, in turn, becomes accessible, almost a dialogue partner. It is the peak experience of the prayer servi ce, emphasized by taking three steps backward to withdraw symbolically from your surroundings and three steps forward to symbolically enter the presence of Almighty God. It is recited silently, standing, and occasionally bowing (Linda, 190). Unlike the Hinduism where prayers are directed to gods, supernatural spirits and goddesses Judaism prayers are directed to God alone. Worship in both religions involves a strong observance of rules and guidelines in dressing, diet and general lifestyle as a way of maintaining external purity. The outer purity is perceived to be important in inculcating purity. Afterlife entails those beliefs held about life after an individual has died (Fisher, 156). Judaism and Hinduism believe in life after death. Jews have the suggestion of Heaven as their afterlife, they hold that if they have done right in the life they lived on Earth, and then they shall spend eternity in Heaven with their God. The Hindus accept as true that you are reincarnated until you reach the Brahma. Hindus believe in Karma which is the belief that if you do good things, then good things shall happen to you and vice versa (Selwyn, 19). When you die your final death in Hinduism, you reach the Brahma where the excruciating sequence of regeneration is finally ruined. Hinduism assumes the eternal reality of a universal spirit that guides all life on earth. A piece of the spirit called the atman is trapped inside humans and other living creatures. The most important desire of the atman is to be reunited with the universal spirit, and every aspect of an individuals life is governed b y it. When someone dies, their atman may be reunited, but most usually is reborn in a new body. A persons caste membership is a clear indication of how close he or she is to the desired reunion. While many differences are found among the doctrine and beliefs of life after death between these two religions some similarities also do exist, like how they have certain rules that their followers must obey to make it to heaven for the Judaism and Niverna for the Hinduism (Selwyn, 26). Each of the religions has guild lines and regulations that tell you what you should do to be a good person and appease their God or gods. They teach people how to live a correct life, and how to be kind to others while they are living on the Earth. Both religions believe in a final quiescent position for the spirit and both faiths hold high moral demeanor for their members such as benevolence to the underprivileged and altruistic sense of duty. Both religions also have sacred texts that are fundamental to their religions and provide instructions pertaining to relationship between people and God, and amongst people themselves. Also instructions pertaining to lifestyle, worship and performance of ritua ls are found in the sacred books. The religions have sacred locations where pilgrimages are undertaken by the faithful. Work cited Van Voorst, Robert. Anthology of World Scriptures. 7th Ed. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage, 2010: 11-25. Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions. New York: Prentice Hall, 2007: 151-159. Linda Woodhead, Paul Heelas. Religion in Modern Times: An Interpretive Anthology. New York: Willey Blackwell, 2007: 188-191. Selwyn Gurney. The Worlds Great Religions: An Anthology of Sacred Texts. Phoenix: Dover Publishers, 2009: 10-31.

Creating a Market for Electric Cars Essay example -- Electric Cars Ess

When Ford Motor Company was founded in 1903, it would go on to start a revolution for the American auto industry. Ford pioneered the assembly line and increased auto production substantially. Today, Ford is one of the most successful auto makers in the world. According to the company, a key factor of success is the focus on building relationships and placing the consumer first. Understanding the consumer and how they view business helps Ford to continue improvement ("Marketing strategy", 2010). Ford is a first-rate example of good marketing techniques. They know how to sell a vehicle to a consumer, as displayed by their position in the top eight of U. S. auto makers. New technology paves the way for new ideas, and new ideas do best when they use existing models. That is why the relatively new concept of battery operated cars should look to already successful auto makers for example. Battery powered cars are becoming more and more marketable with more research and a developing consumer base. Although there is plenty of development to ensue, this paper can help marketing managers figure out the best way to utilize the power of new technology and, in time, have a consumer base that desires battery powered cars for various reasons. This paper will show an array of issues that support an argument for the marketability of cars that operate on battery power. Battery powered cars are more complex than they sound. One might think that the mechanics behind battery power merely consist of charging the battery before a road trip. There is actually an entire process that transforms energy into power. Whereas a gasoline powered vehicle uses an internal combustion engine to convert gasoline into energy, battery powered vehicles generate... .../2013/01/03/why-2013-will-be-another-huge-year-for-car-sales/ Electronic Design, 59(8), 18. U.S. Census Bureau (2008). A Gas Station for Every 2,500 People - County Business Patterns - Newsroom. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/county_business_patterns/c b08-96.html U.S. Department of Energy (2014a). Alternative fuels data center: Electric vehicle charging station locations. Retrieved from http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_locations.html U.S. Department of Energy (2014b). Alternative fuels data center: Emissions from hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles. Retrieved from http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.php U.S. Department of Energy (n.d.). EnerDel/Argonne advanced high-power battery for hybrid electric vehicles. Retrieved from ://www.transportation.anl.gov/batteries/enerdel.html

The Assassination of John F. Kennedy Essay -- essays papers

The Assassination of John F. Kennedy For the American people, John F. Kennedy was the bright future. He was a young man that they was as holding the torch for this country. When he was elected, he brought youth and a relaing calm to the White House for the first time in our nation's history. Not only did John Kennedy bring youth to our nation's capitol, but he also brought change and new ideas to improve the nation. During his first term in office, Kennedy improved peace talks with the Soviet Union, and was also working on ideas to halt the Vietnam War; however, his work could not be done in a single term as president. Kennedy had to start campaigning for reelection, and decided to make a trip to Dallas to campaign. The President arrived in Dallas to a crowd of elated people lining the streets hoping to get a glimpse of the President. As his motorcade proceeded down Elm Street, Governor Connally's wife said, "You can't say that Dallas isn't friendly to you today Mr. President." (Untied Press International 14) With that, John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States was assassinated .November 22, 1963 would be the day Camelot would come crumbling down. Our nation and the people all over the world mourned the death of our young and inspiring President. It has been thirty years since the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and many people are still uncertain as to who is actually responsible for his assassination. Over the years there have been numerous theories that the CIA and the FBI were somehow linked to the assassination. Most of these theories have been disproven by other theories. The government's theory is that Lee Harvey Oswald, acting alone, assassinated President John F. Kennedy. Lee Harvey Oswald's past may answer some questions as to why he is considered to be the assassin of John Kennedy. Lee Harvey Oswald was born on October 18, 1939, to a lower- middle class family. Oswald's father died two months before he was born; this left Oswald to be taken care of by only his mother, Marguerite. Marguerite had a hard time dealing with the death of Lee's Father, which left her all alone to raise Lee and his two brothers, Robert Oswald and John Pic, a son from her first marriage (Beck 71). Marguerite checked Robert and John into an orphanage so that she could find work for her family. Marguerite wanted to put Lee into an orp... ...it because he was in a state of despair from being shunned by his wife. A third reason, which I believe played a large role is that maybe Oswald did it to get the attention of the Cubans and the Soviets, who in no way, shape, or form cared for Kennedy. By doing this he may have hoped to be allowed into Cuba. References Beck, Melinda. "The Mind Of The Assassin." Newsweek . November 22, 1993. Cockburn, Alexander. "In Defense Of The Warren Commission." The Nation . March 9, 1992. JFK . Directed by Oliver Stone. With Kevin Costner, Woody Harrelson, and Joe Pesci. Warner Brothers: 1991. Parshall, Gerald. "The Man With A Deadly Smirk." US News And World Report . August 30-September 6, 1993. Posner, Gerald. "Sniper's Nest." US News And World Report . August 30- September 6,1993. Posner, Gerald. Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and The Assassination of JFK . New York: Random House, 1993. United Press International and American Heritage Magazine Four Days: A Historical record Of The Death Of President Kennedy . New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1993. The Warren Report . President's Commission On The Assassination of President Kennedy: Associated Press.

Ergonomics Organizational Ergonomics

QUESTION 4. DICUSS ERGONOMICS. HOW IS ERGONOMICS RELATED TO QUALITY? Ergonomics is also known as human factors engineering. It is the study concerned with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theoretical principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well being and overall system performance. Ergonomics is the study of work in relation to the environment in which it is performed (the workplace) and those who perform it (workers).It is used to determine how the workplace can be designed or adapted to the worker in order to prevent a variety of health problems and to increase efficiency as well as quality of products and services. The study helps in understanding how work is done and how to work better towards quality improvement. Domains of Specialization Ergonomics denotes the science of work; it is a systems-oriented discipline, which now applies to all aspects of human activity.Ergonomi sts must have a broad understanding of the full scope of the discipline, taking into account the physical, cognitive, social, organizational, environmental and other relevant factors since domains of specialization represent deeper competencies in specific human attributes or characteristics of human interaction:- †¢Physical Ergonomics Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.The relevant topics include working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health. †¢Cognitive Ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.The relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design. †¢Organizational Ergonomics Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes so as to id in quality improvement in every aspect of the organization. The relevant topics include communication amongst workers & departments, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work paradigms, organizational culture, virtual organizations, tele-work, and quality management.?