Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective Essays -

Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective Craig H. Brockman Instructor: Eric Becker College Writing 221624 23 April 2000 The Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective In the quiet post-midnight hours of February 4, 1999, 41 shots rang out in the entry vestibule of a South Bronx apartment house. Within seconds, a young man laid dead, four policemen standing over his lifeless body. A 22-year-old immigrant from West Africa was the unfortunate victim. The police officers: four white men from the New York City Police Department's Street Crimes Unit (SCU). And almost before daylight could illumine the city's vast tract of high-rise businesses and low-rise brownstones, there came the first calls of Police Brutality, Racism, even Murder. But were these four officers, who together fired 41 shots at an unarmed young man, indeed, guilty as charged? Or was this shooting, as the officers would attempt to explain, a tragedy of the greatest possible human dimensions? Did the media ask the right questions and act in a responsible manner? Did the local politicians act in a responsible manner? And were they inappropriate actions or were they appropriate for the situation? Has society changed that much? Do we, society, take the word of the media's insight, and follow people who thrive on media attention? Who are the real prosecutors? Who makes the decision to condemn the actions of four police officers? Do we prosecute the officers of a police department who were trained to do what they did? Has anyone of these so-called experts ever looked into the past situations of men and women in the police department? And then ask the question: Why did they (the police) shoot that unarmed man? Has the police department trained the police officers the proper way? Or will the police departments around the country now train police officers to become less aggressive, giving way for an officer to worry about jail time and the loss of his financial status? Will this lead the police to turn a blind-eye in order to not get involved, and avoid their names being the target of political and community leaders? These are questions to be asked and answered. But the real questions should be asked to the people that care about their communities. These questions should not be asked to the followers of these self proclaimed community leaders who possibly couldn't care less about the quality of life that surrounds their community, some of who live in another state, and may not concern themselves with the pursuit of happiness of the people that live in that community, but the media attention they can receive. This is one officers perspective, a perspective that some may not agree with, but it is honest, it is true, and it is heart wrenching. This is no hype, no media propaganda. This is the view of an incident that happened on a Bronx street on a winter's night in 1999. Hopefully this will be a thought-provoking view, for not only the reader, but also the author. Just ask yourself these questions that I have posted, and I hope that you will understand my perspective. In the early morning hours of February 4, 1999 a tragedy occurred which would eventually separate the people of City of New York and its police department. On this morning, four members of the New York City Police Departments Street Crime Unit {SCU} were on patrol in the Bronx within the confines of the 43rd Precinct: a precinct in a neighborhood that is considered a high crime area. The four officers on patrol were: Police Officer Sean Carroll, 36, Police Officer Kenneth Boss, 28, Police Officer Edward McMellon, 27, and Police Officer Richard Murphy, 27. These four officers would, on this morning, come in contact with Mr. Amadou Diallo, 22, an African immigrant who now lived in the Bronx. On this morning, slightly after twelve midnight, the four officers were assigned to plainclothes and had an unmarked radio motor patrol car (RMP) as their patrol vehicle; this is standard operation for the SCU. Their job is to keep an eye on the street for criminal behavior and prevent crimes when possible. The officers drove down the block of Wheeler Avenue at about this time of the morning. P.O. Carroll, who was sitting in the front passenger

1920s Prohibition and the Rise in Crime essays

1920s Prohibition and the Rise in Crime essays In 1933 the Prohibition on Alcohol was repealed, and the consumption of alcohol was finally made legal, soon after this legalization, Congress passed a law making laws against drugs in the United States. It has been determined by many scholars that ending alcohol prohibition was more harmful in the United States than as it was beneficial. Shortly after this time, a major drug problem began to arise, and the United States has been faced with a drug was ever since. If not for the legalizing of alcohol it is quite possible that our drug epidemic in the U.S. may have been avoided. In 1920, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment making alcohol consumption illegal. "The Eighteenth or Prohibition Amendment passed both houses of Congress in December 1917 and was ratified by three-fourths of the 48 state legislatures 13 months later. From 1920 until 1933, the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol was prohibited in the United States./ As with tobacco, the opiates, and cocaine, the legislation failed to create a general climate of abstention. And where there was a populace of willing consumers, supply was still able to keep pace with demand." It was very obvious that during the thirteen years that this act was in effect that there was still a major amount of alcohol being supplied in the country. Many organized crime bosses were in power and dispensing of alcohol and producing all over the country, not to mention local people making it themselves. "Alcohol remained available during Prohibition. People still got drunk, still became alcoholics, still s uffered delirium tremens. Drunken drivers remained a frequent menace on the highways... The courts, jails, hospitals, and mental hospitals were still filled with drunks..." The amendment only had one positive repercussion during its time and that was it did cause fewer people in the United States to consume alcohol. It was very obvious to Congress that the law was ineffective, an...

Proposal report for ERP strategic to Omar A. Balubaid Company Limited Essay

Proposal report for ERP strategic to Omar A. Balubaid Company Limited - Essay Example This section concludes with the benefits that will be brought about in Omar A. Balubaid after the implementation of ERP system. ERP systems tend to save time for any organization- this aspect has been discussed, along with the cost of implementation for other companies and Omar A. Balubaid. Risks of implementation have been discussed in the report. Several ways have been identified that can be adapted to handle the risks. Choosing a suitable vendor is an important step in the process of ERP implementation, therefore several vendors have been mentioned and then benefits of the chosen one have been discussed. Lastly, the implementation process of ERP systems has been discussed to give an overview to the reader about the factors that are needed to be considered during the implementation. The modern world has become a test for survival for companies around the world. Consumers have become more aware about their choices and tend to switch brands frequently. This creates the need for current information about the market trends, consumer behaviours and effective strategic planning. Companies need to be equipped with up-to-date systems so that they are not left behind in the race for revenues and market share. While keeping these things in mind, three new strategies were proposed for Omar Abu Bakar Balubaid. Co. Ltd. Omar A. Balubaid Co. Ltd. holds the status of being one of the first car companies in Saudi Arabia. It was founded in 1952 in Jeddah with the capital of SR 300,000 [1]. Over the years, the company has flourished and has established 50 branches to manage their operations and sales. It proudly owns the agencies of General Motors (GM) and Peugeot [2]. The company’s systems and procedures were being handled in the conventional manner of papers and files. Better IT infrastructure came about in the company in 1997 and MS Office got

Introduction to Bussines Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Bussines Ethics - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates how this information can be presented to the CEO and managers in a meeting and the actions recommended rectifying the situation and giving the customer notification. Presenting the situation to the executive would involve first acknowledging that the situation exists and explaining the implications that such a case may have on the organization. For instance, if the organization left the defective product to get into the market without being checked, then they may negatively affect the clients and in extreme case even cost their lives. This is very unethical. In case this happens, the customers may sue the business in a court of law where the organization gets to pay huge fines or may even be dissolved. All these are bad consequences that the organization need to avoid in order to thrive. After explaining the implications of the problem at hand, I would proceed to give the extent of the problem. Give details on which products are perceived to have potential harm on the customers, whether they have been dispatched already or are still in the stores. In order to deal with the current situation, several actions need to be implemented immediately. The first thing to check is whether there are defective products that have already reached the end users. In such a case, the organization would seek a way of reaching these customers by contacting the main distribution points in ensuring that the end users are made aware of the situation. The second step would be to stop the sale of all potentially defective products in the company stores and the main distribution points. These products should be taken back to the warehouse for the problem to be rectified. In order to ensure that such a situation does not occur in future, there is the need to ensure that there are effective quality control and assessment tools. There should also be a strict procedure that requires all products to be tested before being distributes to the suppliers. This will reduce the risk of selling potentially harmful products to our client. This will make it possible for the company to give out clients’ value for their money and ensure continued growth in the company revenues. In order to ensure that ethicality is maintained when dealing with the customer, the guiding principle should be giving the best service and products to them. This because the company needs to threat the clients as its employer without which it cannot even exist. There is also need to create a definite system that should be used in case of the repeat of such an incident in notifying the customers of such instances and a way in which they can be compensated. Compensation of the clients is important in promoting the good faith between the company and the customer. This helps in ensuring that the organization d0esn not lose its market to the rival companies. The customers need to feel that they get real value for their money. Since it has been noted that the organization does not have a definite ethical guideline, it is important o develop a strategy of developing a tradition of ethicality through organizational change. This would be an involving process which goes beyond the creation of a code of ethics to be followed by the employees. The manger first need to study the current ethical culture I the organization to recognize the limiting factors that influence in making ethical decision. It is also important to learn which factors support ethical

Sticks and Stones Essay Example for Free

Sticks and Stones Essay The text Sticks and Stones is written by Trezza Azzopardi in 2006. It’s about a young man named Lewis. He is a teacher and becomes witness to collective bullying; he tries to talk with the headmaster to help these problems between the kids. Seeing the bullying bring flashbacks inside of his head, reminding him of his own childhood. When Lewis was a kid he got bullied and in the text we indirectly get to know, that he had many traumatic experiences. Lewis tries helping the boy Paul Fry who gets bullied, but doesn’t succeed. We don’t get to know why. The main theme in this text is bullying and the following consequences. In the text we get an insight in how bullying can affect a person for the rest of his life. Lewis is really traumatized, and we can see that he is affected by his childhood experiences in everything he does. Bullying is now a worldwide problem, and bullying often results in self harm, eating disorders, anxiety or, in worst case, suicide. Children, youngsters and adults all over the world are experiencing bullying, and it is safe to say, that something must be done. Lewis is the main character in the story. He experiences great trauma, since he was bullied in his childhood. He is an adult now, and a schoolteacher. He moved into his mothers house about a month ago, because he had many problems, and got something like a depression that caused him to not be able to live a normal life. Lewis has beforehand escaped into the city of London to live his adult life, because he has traumatic experiences from the countryside. But when he experiences the scenery with Paul Fry, it bothers him in an unimaginable way, and he moves back into the house of his mother. It is safe to say that Lewis is emotionally unstable, and it is not possible to predict wether he’ll ever fully mentally recover. Paul Fry is a child and a student on the school where Lewis teaches. Paul gets bullied by some of the other children. His situation deeply affects Lewis, because Lewis sees himself and his childhood in Paul Fry. Paul has a very important role in the story, because he reflects Lewis’ childhood. He has a central importance in the outcome of the story, since his case results in Lewis losing his mind, and leaving his job. Azzopardi uses flashbacks throughout the entire story. They are used to create the entire image of Lewis’ life, with all of its trauma and consequences. There seems to rule some kind of calmness in the last couple of lines in the story. Lewis realizes that there’s nothing he can do, nothing he should so. When Lewis lies down on the ground, he is in contact with the same ground witch he hit several years ago. But this time, it is in calm surroundings, and it is something he has chosen himself. He also mentions how he listens to the humming earth, where he before only could hear the noise of the crashing waves that he feared. In the end, everything goes quiet, and you get the feeling that Lewis will be all right after all.

Analysis Of External And Internal Environment Marketing Essay

Analysis Of External And Internal Environment Marketing Essay A small business is a business that is privately owned and operated, with a small number of employees and relatively low volume of sales. Small businesses are normally privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships. Every business which starts with the small capital, few members of staff and management, dont have much branches in other areas, town or country will be called as small businesses. Small businesses often have the vision of expansion, invest more capitalisation as well as profit maximisation. Here I am taking about Fried chicken shop which is necessary to UK people. This fried chicken shop name is western fried chicken. Executive Summary: The marketing plan of Western Fried Chicken focuses on their current positioning and the effects of repositioning themselves by launching Halal Fried Chicken. With its launch, theyd also be in the list of one of the Halal food suppliers in UK. The main idea is to offer Halal fried chicken in western style as well as with a few amendments in the recipe by making it spicy to make it appealing to its extended target audience i.e. Muslims that reside in United Kingdom. The reason being Muslims prefer a slightly more spicy food than the western food. The repositioning of the brand is targeted towards the extension of its target audience by allowing access to another target group i.e. a profitable population of Muslims from all over the world, living in UK. There is a high tendency of its success as Western Fried Chicken is already liked by its existing target audience and gets good reviews if anyone is a big fan of scrumptious chicken, chips and even juicy burgers. The consumers prefer WF C more than one of its giant competitors i.e. KFC. The Buzz marketing effect would be one of the best and cost free methods of promoting their chicken. The Challenge The food industry is a mammoth industry in UK and since there is a busy lifestyle, people prefer fast food take away rather than going for fine dining. In order to survive in the food industry where there is cut throat competition with over 1, 000 individual brands and 1,700 outlets, WFC has to offer something exceptional to its existing target audience in order to retain them and also attract new ones by enabling Muslims to be carefree regarding the Halal meat and focus on providing them something according to their preferences and taste. A little effort on consumer research should be put in, in order to know about their preferences and ultimately provide better end results to them and remove chances of consumer disgust. Vision: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To establish a world class brand. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To be the leading and fastest growing fast food chain in UK. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To be synonymous with quality and profitability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To bring innovative products and business models to customers. Mission: Providing a hot juice burger, hot testy fried wings and chips. Providing a customer nice environment and nice service. Analysis of external and internal environment of the company: EXTERNAL environment: EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT is factors (conditions, trends, and forces) essentially outside the control of organizational members. External environmental scans are conducted to identify important factors in the external environment. This analysis is often a critical aspect in all business or strategic plans. Also known as the operating environment, this refers to market conditions, economic and political issues on the local and national levels, demographic factors, and other forces outside of a business that affect the overall success of that business. The external environment creates both risks and opportunities for a company. Companys external environment has two factors such as Micro and Macro. To study micro factors, we need to focuses on Porters five generic forces model and to study macro factors, we need to focuses on PEST analysis of the company. Organization Macro factor: Macro environment factors are external forces or components that may affect the running of a business or organization. Despite being largely beyond the control of a business, macro environment factors often require changes and shifts in operating, management, production, and marketing. There are many different types of macro environment factors, including political, economic, social, and technological concerns also known as PEST factors. Macro-environmental factor normally using by the management and professionals to scan the external environment of the business to study strategic business management. There are many factors in the Western Fried chickens macro-environment that would affect the decisions of its management. Economical Political PEST Technological Social Political: Political factors can have a profound effect on how a business is operated and managed. Tax policy, government-issued safety regulations, the availability of government contracts, and even shifts in the controlling political party may all change the macro environment for an organization. International laws, such as trade agreements and tariffs, may affect the supply and demand chains and available markets for many different businesses as well. Political factors like changes in the Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic changes and government policy changes can affect WFC. WFC has an advantage being a food outlet as there wont be any such limitations in running their business. Despite the political distress it wouldnt affect the business of food chains at all as people wont stop eating food. Therefore, in political terms it has a positive edge. Economic Environment: A market boom, recession, or growing inflation problem can all change the way a business plans for the future and operates in the present. Economic macro environment factors are often difficult to assess, since economic forecasts and analyses vary widely between experts. Unemployment levels, comparative foreign exchange rates, and the state of the global economy can all help or hurt a business ability to get components it needs and maintain stable profit levels. Envisioning the economic environment of UK where inflation is as high as 3.3424%, the business might get affected thereby, decreasing the customer footfall, but at the same time, welcoming another target market will subsidize this outcome. Social and Cultural Environment: With respect to social and cultural environment, WFC is in an excellent situation. The reason being they are providing food which is one of the basic necessities of survival of human life. Secondly when talking about culture, just as the name suggests Western Fried Chicken, their offering fits the culture of UK the best and now they are even planning to launch Halal meat which would include the understanding of western consumer groups as well as other consumer groups i.e. Muslims for whom Halal meat is sacred This would help create positive associations to their brand. Technological: Technological macro environment factors can influence how a company does business. A new type of machinery, advanced computer chip, or product created through research and development can help a company stay modernized and ahead of the market curve. Keeping up with technological advances can be something of a marathon and a gamble; smart business owners must be able to accurately identify which new developments will be truly useful, and which are merely shiny objects with no real ability to improve business. Being a food outlet, Western Fried Chicken can adapt to a few more advanced technological cooking equipment such as electrical ovens and deep fryers etc. that would be hassle free and heat the oil at a flawless level in order to provide well cooked and crispy chicken than ever before. Organization Micro Factor: Companys micro environmental factors can be explained by using Michael Porters generic five forces model. This model mainly explains the relationship between company and their potential competitors, buyers and suppliers. These five forces also affect WFC. With this analysis one can find out the best option suitable for WFC to overcome the problems in the market due to those five forces. Bargaining power of CustomerMichael Porters five forces model: Bargaining Power of Suppliers Threat of substitute Products Competitive Rivalry within industry Threat of new Entrance Threat of new Entrance: Threat of New entrants is high as there are low barriers to entry on and there is no monopoly of any food outlets. The reason being the core product i.e. fried chicken is always a hit and there are higher chances of new entrants to survive pretty well in this industry by consuming other existing businesses market share. The bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers is also low as chicken which is the raw material for WFC is not a difficult item to get due to the sufficient amount of suppliers but when it comes to Halal meat then it could be taken as bargaining power of suppliers is high as a very few suppliers provide Halal meat which is near to having monopoly. The bargaining power of buyers: The bargaining power of buyers is high when it comes to fast food items as there are many other outlets such as Chicken Cottage, KFC and Dixy Chicken etc. offering the same menu. Therefore, if the customers feel that WFC is continuously over pricing then there is a possibility of switching to other competitors. Threat of substitutes: Threat of substitutes is also high as there are over 1000 individual brands in operation in UK and if in future the consumers may think that WFC is not a healthy food, they might get inclined towards healthy food such as Chinese, Thai and Subway etc. Competitive Rivalry in the industry: Competitive Rivalry in the industry is very high because there is cut throat competition in the food industry of UK. There are over 1700 outlets providing something or the other. WFC has a lot of direct and indirect competitors. Internal analysis: To analyse any companys internal environment, it is very important to focus on what are the companys strength and weaknesses. By utilizing strength, company can use this positive factor to grow in the competitive market. It shows companys uniqueness from its competitors. Why we should choose or do not choose this company, we can get idea from its strengths or weakness. By focusing on companys weaknesses management can change or improve the weak points and they can transform weakness into their strengths. Strengths: Characteristics of the business, or project team that give it an advantage over others. Good Taste: WFC is famous for providing one of the best fried chicken and chicken burgers in town. Strong Brand Conviction: When it comes to fried chicken the customers strongly prefer and the fact that WFC is open till 4am which gives it an edge over all its competitors such as KFC etc. Customer Loyalty: If a customer has once tried WFC; hed get converted into a regular customer in no time. Customer Oriented Business: WFC is somewhat an amateur customer oriented business that plans to focus on consumer preferences and meet the expectations of the consumers better. Adaptability to change: WFC is willing to change as theyre thinking on the lines introducing Halal meat and extending their target audience. Weaknesses: Weaknesses are characteristics that place the team at a disadvantage relative to others. Narrow assortment of menu: fried chicken pieces, burgers, wings and ribs with fries and drink are just too limited offerings due to which they might lose on some of the potential customers. Lack in providing value for money to the customers: According to a few customers WFC is now charging expensive rates with respect to the value they are providing in form of food. The perceived value is less than the actual value delivered to the customers. Lacks in marketing research: A little effort put towards the marketing research of existing as well as attracting new customers might help WFC to be more profitable by providing value to its target market. Business Plan: Every small and big business starts with business plan. A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals. Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, taxpayer, or larger community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture, a 3 to 5 year business plan is required, since investors will look for their annual return in that timeframe. The process of business plan passes through series of stages. Gather Information: WFC has gathered information about market trend in the UK. They found out that in UK there are lots of Muslim people. Age 14 45 years; teenagers who are students to adults, who are working there mostly, like fried chicken. Thats why there opening at let night 4 AM. Mission Goals: To provide a hot good quality and juice food to customer. Providing a good customer service. Increasing the income  £15000 to  £25000. Devise Strategies: At this stage WFC formulate their strategies to play in the market. Owner sit together and discuss about the market research and statistical data based on past survey. They develop the strategies on the basis of those data. Evaluation Plan: On the basis of the reports regarding monitored performance, Owner can evaluate the business plan again if he fined any gaps in their actual then targeted outcome. He can again start gathering information about actual market trend. Business plan is like a cycle. It doesnt stop once they achieved their target. Conclusion: Western Fried Chicken is operating really well in the food industry in UK and is really popular amongst its target audience. Catering to another untapped market of the Muslim population would make it a profitable venture by leaps and bounds as there are a really few Halal meat retail outlets in the UK. The opportunity is huge for the outlet which if grabbed properly can take the company into a new arena completely. I feel that this opportunity should be grabbed by the organization as there is a huge potential market available for it.

Taliban/Osama Movie

J. Galloway, T. Lockett, M. Franklin Dr. Newson-Horst Humanities 301 March 7, 2013 Taliban/Osama The Taliban are a large Sunni Islamist group of men who rule in Afghanistan. The Taliban presence in Afghanistan was densest in 1996 on through 2001. The Taliban presence/force declined in 2001 with the invasion of the U. S. military in The Middle East after the September 11 attacks. The Taliban began as a distinct group who fought alongside other mujahedeen groups during the Cold War against the Soviet Union.In the early to late 1980's the Cold War allowed the Taliban to rise to power. The Taliban group was set apart from other mujahedeen groups because of their focus on the learning and teaching of the Islamic faith alongside actual fighting. The film Osama written by Siddiq Barmak, provides an accurate depiction of the Taliban in Afghanistan by its in depth portrayal of the Taliban’s religious values, control, and acts of violence. The religious values of the Taliban are what fo rm them as a group.Anyone who wished to fight on the Taliban front would have to comply with their strict routine of prayer and study which filled their lives when they were not fighting. In the film viewers may perhaps gain this interpretation as they watched the young boys hauled off to a Taliban ran school where they prayed and studied the Qur’an in several scenes. The Taliban follow the Islamic faith very strictly sticking to traditional views and values especially towards women. The women under Taliban control cannot work, wear what they please, or come and go as they please.The religious values learned and taught by the Taliban takes a huge toll on the everyday lives of the people who are succumbed to that way of life. The Taliban has a substantial amount of control in Afghanistan with fifty-four percent of the control being permanent. Taliban ruled areas are doomed with laws and constant terror. The women are harassed and forced to wear burkas at all times. In the film a member of the Taliban warns a husband to make his wife cover her feet in fear of other men being aroused by her feet.The Taliban in Afghanistan gain finances through drug trafficking, kidnapping, and foreign donations. Private citizens from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran, and some Persian Gulf nations are the largest contributors to the donations of the Taliban group in Afghanistan. The group was trademarked by controlling women to wear burkas, banning television, and jailing men whose beards were deemed too short. These controlling antics are depicted throughout the film. The violent nature of the Taliban is heavily present in the film Osama.In one scene women were protesting for the right to work to provide for their families. The Taliban blasted these women and their children with water and sprayed bullets into the crowd. Several protesting women were jailed for their participation. The Taliban also participates in kidnapping as a means of financial gain. They commit high profil e kidnappings for ransom to fund their terror. Finally, the Taliban has its own judicial system where many people have their lives taking away for random acts of resistance against Taliban law.In the film one can see an American reporter sentenced to death for recording the Taliban. The Taliban conduct live stoning to death with its members and crowd. In conclusion, the Taliban's large presence in Afghanistan has been in place for a very long time. The lifestyle of Middle Eastern women, men, and children are shaped around the ruling of the Taliban. The Taliban parade the streets and cause terror in the lives of its people. The film Osama aided with the understanding of the Taliban rule.Viewers gain a first-hand interpretation of the hardships faced under Taliban rule and how tough it is to uphold as a family. Citations Ansari, Fahad. â€Å"Understanding the Taliban Movement. † Harakah Daily/en H 1434 (2013): n. pag. 06 Mar. 2013. Web. Bajoria, Jayshree. â€Å"Council on Fore ign Relations. † Backgrounder (n. d. ): n. pag. Council on Foreign Relations. 06 Oct. 2011. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. Fremson, Ruth. Taliban (n. d. ): n. pag. Nytimes. com. The New York Times, 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. .